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Copyright N°_ 

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V' 



FIRST BOOK 



IN 



HYGIENE 



A PRIMER OF PHYSIOLOGY 



BY 



WILLIAM 0. KROHN, Ph.D. (Yale) 

Author of "Graded Lessons in Hygiene," "Practical Lessons in Psychology, 
and Editor of "The Child-Study Monthly" 



V* 



NEW YOEK 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 
, 1903 







THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

JUL 18 1903 

I Copyright Entry 
CLASS ^ XXe.No. 
COPY B, 



Copyright, 1902 
By WILLIAM O. KKOHN 



Copyright, 1903 
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 






PREFACE. 

In these lessons for young children simple language is 
used in the presentation of such facts about the structure 
of the body and its functions as are necessary for clear and 
definite knowledge of the general laws of health, including 
the effects of alcohol and narcotics. 

This book is for the use of pupils just beginning to learn 
something of the care the human body requires in order to 
insure the full enjoyment of health. The value of a primary 
book upon any subject depends both upon the language used 
and the varied forms of appeal to the child's mind, in order 
that his interest may be aroused. In this book there are 
few complex sentences. There is, also, such frequent alter- 
nation in story, written exercise, observation, picture, 
memory, and reading lessons that the subject-matter cannot 
become trite. The lessons are so logically arranged, and so 
pedagogically co-ordinated, that every sentence, every ques- 
tion, every picture, every poem, every written exercise, 
forms a vital part in the presentation of hygienic law as an 
educational whole, in a form most readily comprehended by 
the child. 

Anatomy, strictly speaking, is a science the study of 
which requires the more mature mind of the advanced high- 
school or college student. Only such basal facts of the 

3 



body's structure are here presented as are necessary for a 
clear understanding of the laws of health. 

TO THE TEACHER. 

Lead the pupil not only to see what is healthful, but to 
practice it. A helpful aid is the organization of your pupils 
into a Good Health Club, with constitution and by-laws, and 
a full complement of officers. Once each week the Club 
should convene, in lieu of the regular recitation, to discuss 
and formulate rules based upon the lessons immediately pre- 
ceding. These rules are then to be voted upon and adopted 
by the members of the Club. The rules should be something 
after the manner of the suggested rules on pages 19 and 56. 

Lay tribute to everything available in literature, art, or 
song that will add to the attractiveness and usefulness of 
your instruction in this important subject. Adorn the 
school-rooms with copies of old masterpieces that will lead the 
pupils to admire the power, dignity, grace, and beauty of a 
healthy body. Give descriptions of the simple habits and 
love of exercise of the ancient Greeks. Tell them of the 
careful training of the modern athlete. Make use of the 
gymnastic games given in such books as that by Miss Pray, 
or the one by Miss Stoneroad (both published by D. C. 
Heath & Co.). In discussing the blessings of sunshine, read 
such poems as Whittier's "Sunset on the Bear Camp," or 
others by Longfellow and Bryant. Southey's " Cataract of 
Ladore," Shelley's "The Clouds," or Tennyson's "Brook" 
will serve a similar purpose in the discussion of water and 
its necessity to life. 

4 



In preparing to present the lessons of this book, the 
teacher may find it of advantage to make occasional refer- 
ence to the author's larger work, "Graded Lessons in 
Hygiene." 

The teaching of temperance requires the greatest tact in 
order to attain the utmost usefulness. Children imitate 
those they love and in whom they have confidence. Your 
own personal attitude against the use of alcoholic drinks 
and tobacco is perhaps the most potent factor in temperance 
instruction. As a rule, it is better to emphasize what to 
do rather than what not to do. Children are more benefited 
by positive than by negative forms of instruction. Lay 
more and more stress upon the joy of possessing a body 
strong in limb, rich in clean blood, steady in nerve, clear in 
brain, needing no stimulant other than pure air, wholesome 
food, regular exercise, and invigorating sunshine. 

In teaching the subject of physiology and hygiene, as in 
any of the other of your many endeavors, strive to awaken 
a desire in the child to live the best life possible. To live 
successfully, he must have a sound mind in a sound body. 
By keeping his health, he will be able to make his every 
effort count at par. As a result of ill health, which comes 
because of disregarding hygienic law, his every effort will 
be discounted. 

William 0. Krohn. 

Chicago, March 25, 1902. 



CONTENTS. 

Frontispiece - 

I. Why We Eat ----- 

II. A Picture Lesson 

III. Planted Himself to Grow 

IY. Digestion ----- 

V. Always Dinner Time 

VI. Kinds of Food - 

VII. Mineral Foods - 

VIII. Animal Foods - 

IX. A Picture Lesson - 

X. Vegetable Foods 

XL Winter Apples - 

XII. Questions for Study - 

XIII. The Food Grains - 

XIV. A Picture Lesson , 
XV. The Fast of Hiawatha 

XVI. The Corn Song - 

XVII. A Picture Lesson - 

XVIII. Sunshine ----- 

XIX. The Sun a Prisoner 

XX. If I were a Sunbeam - 

XXI. Adulterated Foods 

XXII. Questions for Study and Observation 

XXIII. Care of the Teeth 

XXIV. After the Eain - 
XXV. A Picture Lesson - 



Page 



12 
13 
14 

20 
22 
26 
28 
31 
32 
35 
36 
37 
39 
40 
43 
46 
47 
49 
52 
53 
57 
58 
60 
61 



Page 

XXVI. Our Drink --_.__ 62 

XXVII. A Picture Lesson ----- 66 

XXVIII. The Captain's Well - 67 

XXIX. False Appetites - - - - 71 

XXX. A Picture Lesson - 76 

XXXI. A Deceitful Friend 77 

XXXII. A Writing Lesson - 82 

XXXIII. The Skin and the Kidneys 83 

XXXIV. A Picture Lesson ----- 90 
XXXV. Care of the Skin - - - - - - 91 

XXXVI. A Picture Lesson ----- 93 

XXXVII. The Old Swimmin' Hole 94 

XXXVIII. Clothing ------- 95 

XXXIX. A Picture Lesson - 97 

XL. A Spring Song - 98 

XLI. The Blood ------- 100 

XLII. A Written Keview - - - - - 104 

XLIII. Breathing - - - - - - - 105 

XLIV. A Picture Lesson - - - - - 109 

XLV. The Framework of the Body - - - 110 

XLVL The Muscles - 114 

XLVII. A Picture Lesson - - - - - - 118 

XLVIII. Exercise - - - - - - - 119 

XLIX. A Picture Lesson - - - - - =123 

L. Eest ------- 124 

LI. Wynken, Blynken, and Nod - - - - 127 

LII. The Nerves and Brain - - - - 129 

LIII. The Senses - - - - - - =133 

LIV. The Body ------- 139 

LV. A Picture Lesson ------ 141 

LVI. First Aid to the Injured - 142 




FEEDING HER BIRDS. 

8 



MILLET. 



L— WHY WE EAT. 

Why We Eat. — Is it not strange that these bodies 
of ours do not appear to wear out, though we are 
always using them? Your clothes wear out, no mat- 
ter how careful of them you may be; a wagon or 
machine is wearing out with each movement that it 
makes. You do not expect your pencil, pocket-knife, 
bicycle, baseball, or skates to keep fresh and new 
after long and frequent use. 

Your bodies are constantly wearing out, but you 
do not notice this, because they are continually be- 
ing repaired. Each little bit of worn-out matter is 
being replaced by a new one. The food you eat is 
being changed into the parts of the body that are 
wearing out. 

You are growing very fast. A year or two ago 
you were much smaller than you are now. Next 
year you expect to be even larger and stronger. 
What is it that makes you grow? Is it the air you 
breathe ? No. Is it the water you drink ? No, not 
that alone. Both air and water are necessary to 
life, yet none of you could live on these alone. 

9 



You have noticed the little tree in the orchard 
and the plant in the garden, how rapidly they grow. 
If you should place a plant or bush in the middle 
of your school-room, on the clean, hard floor, and 
give it sunlight, air, and water, without any soil, 
would it grow ? No ; it would not even live. The 
roots, by means of which the plant when out of 
doors w T as fastened to the soil, could not make their 
way into the hard floor. 

If the tree is to grow, its roots must work down 
into the earth and find food, and it is this food which 
the roots find that makes plants and trees grow. 
The richer the soil — that is, the better the food — 
the faster do plants grow. 

In one garden we find some plants looking pale 
and sickly, growing scarcely at all, while in another 
garden the plants are growing rapidly. What causes 
the difference? You are quick to ansAver that in 
one garden the soil is richer, and supplies more and 
better food to the plants, and the gardener loosens 
the soil that the roots may have a chance to push 
their way farther and farther into the earth to get 
more food. The wise gardener also pulls up the 
weeds that would otherwise grow around the plants, 
so that these weeds may not use up the food in the 
soil that the plants need for their health and growth. 

10 



Why Do You Eat f Because the food keeps your 
bodies in repair, so that they will not wear out, and 
also because eating makes you grow. 

What to Eat. — Your bodies are repaired and 
made to grow by what you eat. If you eat poor, 
unhealthful food your bodies will be made of poor 
material. They will not grow as fast as they should, 
they will not do their work well, and will have to be 
repaired often; that is, you will have to call the doctor 
to give you some medicine to undo the harm caused 
by the improper food. 

You see how important it is that you should 
know what foods are good for you, and what will 
do you harm. You must know what foods will pro- 
mote health and growth, as well as what will cause 
disease and retard growth. 



ii 



II A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story based upon this picture and the teachings of the preceding lesson. 




12 



HI— PLANTED HIMSELF TO GROW. 

A MEMOEY LESSON. 

Dear, little, bright-eyed Willie, 

Always so full of glee, 
Always so very mischievous, 

The pride of our home is he. 

One bright, summer day we found him 

Close by the garden wall, 
Standing so grave and dignified 

Beside a sunflower tall. 

His tiny feet he had covered 

With the moist and cooling sand; 

The stalk of the great, tall sunflower 
He grasped with his chubby hand. 

When he saw us standing near him, 

Gazing so wonderingly 
At his babyship, he greeted us 

With a merry shout of glee. 

We asked our darling what pleased him ; 

He replied with a face aglow, 
"Mamma, I'm going to be a man; 

I've planted myself to grow." 

— Selected. 

13. 



IV.— DIGESTION. 

Does the dark soil in the garden or flower-bed 
look anything like the bright-eyed, laughing pansy? 
As you eat the ripe apple, do you taste anything 
like the dark, gritty, sandy soil that produced it? 
Yet the roots of the pansy and the fruit-tree take 
their food from the soil, and it is then changed into 
leaves, flowers, and fruits. 

Is it not equally strange to think that the bread, 
potatoes, meat, and eggs you eat, as well as the milk 
and water you drink — in fact, every bit of good food 
of which you partake — is taken up by the body and 
changed into bone, nerve, and muscle? If we can 
only get the food into the blood, as the root gets the 
food from the earth into the sap of the plant, each 
part of the body will pick out just what it needs to 
make it strong. 

The bones will take up from the blood just those 
things they need for their growth and repair, and the 
muscles and nerves will do the same. 

Your own body does not look like the food you 
eat any more than the plant looks like the soil upon 

14 



which it feeds. Our food becomes changed in some 
way into all the different parts of the body — skin, 
hair, bone, muscle, brain, and nerve. 

The preparation of the food 
that is to be used by the 
body is digestion. The object 
of digestion is to separate the 
food from its hard and useless 
parts, and then to soften and 
dissolve it so that it becomes 
liquid, and can flow with the 
blood to the various parts of 
the body. 

How We Digest.— The first 
step in digestion is the proper 
cooking of the food we eat. 
Our digestion, then, really be- 
gins outside of the body. Cook- 
ing softens the food so that it 
can be chewed easily. You 
would find it difficult to chew 
raw rice grains. Cooking softens the hard grains of 
rice, wheat, or oats, and it also makes most of the 
foods taste better. 

Mouth Digestion. — After the food is properly 
cooked, the digestion is continued in the mouth by 

15 




intestine 



chewing and grinding the food with the teeth, and 
pushing it about with the tongue. 

While we are chewing our food well, it is mixed 
with a watery fluid called saliva. When we eat, 
taste, or even look at some foods we like, so much 
saliva flows that we sometimes say the mouth 
" waters." 

You should eat slowly in order to give the teeth 
a chance to grind up the food, and also allow time 
for the food to become well mixed with the saliva 
of the mouth, which helps so much in preparing the 
food for the further steps of digestion. After being 
thoroughly chewed, the food is swallowed. 

Stomach Digestion. — In the back part of the mouth, 
at the throat, begins a long, narrow tube which 
passes down to the stomach. This tube, or food- 
pipe, is about nine inches long. 

The stomach is simply an enlargement of the 
digestive tube. It is like a large bag with a coat of 
loosely woven muscles, and it has a queer little gate- 
keeper or valve (pylorus) at the lower end, that will 
not open and permit the food to pass out until it is 
ready for the bowels. 

As soon as the food gets into the stomach, it is 
churned to and fro and mixed with a fluid or 
juice, more powerful than the saliva of the mouth. 

16 



This fluid is the gastric juice. The stomach churns 
away from two to four hours after every meal, 
according to the kind of food eaten, the way in 
which it has been cooked, and the health of the 
person eating it. 

After each meal the stomach should be allowed 
to rest a while before the next. If you eat between 
meals the stomach becomes too tired to do its 
work well when meal-time comes again. Irregular 
eating, as well as improper food, will cause a sick 
stomach. 

Digestion in the Intestines. — At the lower end of the 
stomach the food canal becomes narrow again. This 
portion below the stomach is called the intestines, 
or bowels. The juices within the intestines do most 
of the work of digestion. They break up the fats 
in our food, such as butter and the fatty portions of 
meats, into very small particles, so that they will 
mix with water. They also change the starch in 
our food, as the starch of potatoes, bread, and 
uncooked fruits, into the sugar the body so much 
needs. 

The liver is located above the stomach, close 
under the ribs and on the right side of the body. 

Besides making bile, the liver helps to keep the 
blood pure by removing from it harmful substances 

17 



that are formed within the body. It destroys many 
of the disease germs or microbes that find their 
way into the mouth and stomach along with our 
food. If in healthy condition, the liver will kill 
germs that might otherwise cause such diseases as 
typhoid fever. If any other poisons, such as the 
poisons of poorly canned meats or vegetables, are 
swallowed along with the food, they are also taken 
up with the food, and carried by means of the blood 
tubes into the liver. 

The liver works hard to keep such poisons from 
going to other portions of the body. It thus guards 
the rest of the body from the effects of bad food. 

Absorption of Food. — As the food is passed slowiy 
along the small intestine, its liquid parts soak through 
into the tiny blood tubes, and by the time it reaches 
the large bowel, or colon, most of the w T ater and all 
of the useful particles have been removed and car- 
ried away by the blood. 

Only the waste matter, such as seeds, hard por- 
tions of unripe fruits, peelings, husks, and the like, 
remains behind. This is driven on and out of the 
body. If this waste matter is not given off, we 
have sick headache, a feeling of heaviness, and may 
become very ill, for these waste substances are sure 
to poison the body if retained. 

18 



Let us give a review of this study on digestion: 

First, the food is well cooked. 

Second, it is chewed. 

Third, it is swallowed. 

Fourth, it mixes with the gastric juice. 

Fifth, it passes out into the intestines. 

Sixth, in the intestines the fluid portion soaks 
through the walls of the blood vessels and mixes 
with the blood. 

RULES OF THE GOOD HEALTH CLUB OF SCHOOL. 

1. We should eat slowly. 

2. We should eat regularly, and not between 

meals. 

3. We should not eat too much. 



19 




V.— ALWAYS DINNER TIME.* 

A MEMOEY LESSON. 

"It's dreadful," she said with a sigh, 
"I'm so hungry I fear I shall die, 

They don't realize 

That a girl of my size 
Requires a great deal of pie." 

"What's that?" she heard some one demand — 
She never could quite understand; 
Stare hard as she would 
Before her there stood 

A prince with a pie in his hand. 

He told her if she'd be his wife, 

She could eat custard pie with a knife; 

And could help herself twice 

To everything nice 
And do nothing: but eat all her life. 



So they rode till they came to a gate 
With this legend upon a brass plate : 
"You should not put away, 
What you might eat to-day," 
And she ate, and she ate, and she ate. ? 

* From "The Rabbit's Ransom, and Other 
Stories," Copyrighted, The Bowen-Merrill Com- 
pany, Indianapolis. 

20 




And she ate till she got like a ball, 
And her eyes they got dreadfully small; 

She grew out of her clothes, 

And as for her nose 
She didn't have any at all. 



She set out in this wonderful plight 
And arrived at her home after night, 

And her father said, "Ben, 

Here's the pig out again!" 
Then she woke in a terrible fright. 

— Clara Vawter 







m 



H* 










21 



VL— KINDS OF FOOD. 

Since food becomes changed into the bones, mus- 
cles, and nerves of our bodies, we should be very 
careful in the selection of what we eat. The best 
foods are not the most expensive, so that all may 
eat wholesome food. 

We have learned that in digestion the food which 
we take into the mouth is changed into liquid form 
so that it may be absorbed into the blood. It takes 
much longer to digest a piece of beefsteak than a 
cup of beef tea. To make digestion as easy as pos- 
sible, a sick person is sometimes placed on a "liquid 
diet." How does this help to save the digestive 
organs work? 

Kinds of Food. — Some animals can live on just 
one kind of food. The cattle on the plains will live 
and fatten on grass alone. A squirrel likes the ker- 
nels of nuts and some of the grains, but does not 
care for grass. 

A boy or girl eats more kinds of food than any 
other animal. Man requires a great variety of foods. 
He eats vegetables for one purpose, meats for another 

22 



purpose, and, to be healthy, must have some min- 
eral food, such as salt. 

Different Foods in Different Countries. — The peo- 
ple of one country eat things as food that people of 
other lands would not eat. There are people who 
eat bees and grasshoppers; others who eat rats, 
mice, bats, and lizards. In France snails are com- 
monly used as food. 

What Makes the Difference ? — The occupations, as 
well as the climate, make a great deal of difference 
in the kind and amount of food eaten. The active 
man, working out of doors, especially in winter, 
needs more animal food than a man whose work is 
less hard and is done within doors. People some- 
times say, when very hungry, that they can "eat 
like a wood-chopper. 77 We will all agree that the 
hard-working wood-chopper and the miner require 
more food than the tailor in his shop or the clerk 
in his store. The miner, the woodman, and the 
stage-driver are exposed to cold, rough weather. The 
clerk, the tailor, and the bookkeeper are sheltered 
within doors. Indoor work, too, does not require as 
much strength as heavy out-of-door work. An Es- 
kimo, in the cold, frozen north, can eat fifteen pounds 
of meat a day, and often larger quantities of fat or 
blubber. I have been told by Lieutenant Schwatka, 

23 



the Arctic explorer, that he has seen an Eskimo eat 
as much as thirty-two pounds of meat and several 
tallow candles in a single day. 

Bodily Heat. — To keep the body in proper work- 
ing order, a certain amount of heat is necessary. 
You have seen plants killed by the frost and with- 
ered by the heat. So the different tissues of the 
body will die if the bodily heat rises above or falls 
below a certain degree of temperature. A fever is 
dangerous, because a high temperature withers and 
wastes away the little portions of nerves and muscles 
as truly as does the summer heat injure the young, 
tender plant. 

The heat of the body should be kept at an aver- 
age temperature of 98.6 degrees F. One method of 
keeping the body from losing too much heat is to 
wear warmer clothing. But in the cold climate of 
the frozen north, not enough clothing can be put on 
the body to keep up the heat. 

Another way to keep up the proper temperature 
is for the body to use more fuel ; that is, more food 
of the heat-making kind. Meats, especially fat 
meats, are heat-making foods. More pork, especially 
the fatty portions, such as bacon, is eaten in winter 
than in summer. 

So in the Arctic regions, the Eskimo or Lap- 

24 



lander, even if he is clothed in the warm furs of 
animals, must also eat large quantities of meat. His 
body demands fats and oils just as the bodies of 
people living in hot countries demand fruits for their 
cooling effect. A dozen tallow candles are more 
prized as food by the Eskimo than a dozen sweet, 
juicy oranges. 

You have already learned that we eat a greater 
variety of foods than do other animals. You know 
that our foods are obtained from minerals, plants, 
and animals. As you think of your breakfast, what 
food did you eat that came from animals? What 
from vegetables? What mineral substance did you 
eat? 



25 



VIL— MINERAL FOODS. 

Salt. — This is the chief food from the mineral 
kingdom. Salt is present in every part of the body 
except the enamel of the teeth. If we do not take 
salt with our food we suffer greatly, since it is so 
necessary to the body. 

Nearly all the foods we use contain a little salt. 
But the salt naturally found in our foods is not 
enough, so in cooking or at the table, more salt is 
added. 

A little salt not only makes the food taste bet- 
ter, but it causes the digestive juices to flow, and it 
creates an appetite. 

Animals also need salt. Without salt their hides 
grow rough, they become dull and stupid, and Anally 
lose health and strength. Wild animals, such as 
deer and bear, will go long distances and even risk 
their lives to get to a salt spring or "salt lick." 

It is well that salt is plentiful and cheap, since 
we must have it to keep us healthy and strong. It 
is found in many parts of our country. Can you 
tell where and how salt is obtained? 

26 



Other Mineral Foods. — Besides salt, we need for 
our bodies lime, and a very little soda, potash, and 
iron. A small amount of lime is found in every 
part of the body, but the bones take a great deal. 
They are more than half lime. 

Lime does not have to be added to our daily food 
as salt is added. Growing grass and grain take 
lime and the other minerals we need from the soil. 
Cows eat the grass, so we get some lime in drinking 
milk. 

By grinding grain into flour, and eating bread 
made from the flour, we get more lime. Bread and 
milk, therefore, are excellent food for growing boys 
and girls. 

Soda and potash destroy harmful acids within the 
body. 

Green foods, such as spinach, lettuce, and dan- 
delion greens, should be eaten occasionally because 
of the iron they contain. 



27 



VIIL— ANIMAL FOODS. 

The principal foods obtained from animals are 
milk, butter, cheese, eggs, and the different kinds of 
flesh — beef, mutton, pork, fish, fowl, and wild game. 

Milk. — Pure, fresh milk is the only food that 
contains all the things your bodies most need. 
Physicians use it more than any other food for 
people who are sick, because it is so easily digested, 
and has the power of sustaining life longer than 
other foods. 

Milk, unless kept in a clean room where the air 
is always pure, will absorb poisons. 

In cities milk is sometimes adulterated by the 
addition of water. If this water be impure, the milk 
may carry disease germs to our bodies. Old, impure 
milk, kept from souring by adding to it a harmful 
drug, is often sold for fresh, sweet milk, and much 
harm done to the children drinking it. 

Because milk is so easily tainted and adulter- 
ated, nearly every large city has milk inspectors, 
whose business it is to examine all the milk brought 
into the city for sale. If the milk is found to be 

28 



unlit, it is destroyed by the inspector, thus saving 
the lives of thousands of little children. Fresh milk 
is the best kind of food we can take, but it should 
never be taken ice-cold into the stomach. 

Butter. — Butter is a most important article of 
food. It supplies the body with much of the fatty 
material needed. It also gives a better taste to 
some other foods. The oil or fat in milk is called 
cream. Oil is lighter than water; so when milk is 
allowed to stand, the cream rises to the surface, and 
can be skimmed off to be churned into butter. 

Cheese. — More food is contained in cheese than 
in most of the lean meats, but it is very hard to 
digest. It is a cheap food, and might well be used 
more largely by men working out of doors, for their 
active exercise helps digestion. If cheese be taken 
with milk, it is more easily digested. This is the 
reason that " cottage cheese" or " smear-case " is 
such a wholesome food. 

Eggs. — Eggs are excellent food. They are easily 
digested when properly cooked, and contain much 
nourishment. Children who do not like the yolk of 
the egg, and eat only the white, do not get all the 
food in the egg. The white contains no fat, but 
considerable water; the yolk contains fat, or yellow 
oil, and very little water. 

29 



Meats. — The meats used as food are rich in nour- 
ishment. Beef is the best meat for general use. It 
is more easily digested than veal or pork. Some 
of the cheaper beefsteaks, such as round steak, are 
more nourishing than some that cost more. Mutton 
ranks next to beef, and is a very healthful food if 
properly cooked. Mutton broth, like beef tea, is a 
very good food for the sick. Veal is not easily 
digested and does not contain much nourishment. 
It is not nearly so healthful as beef or mutton. 
Pork is not readily digested, but is more nutritious 
than veal. It can be eaten only by those who have 
good digestion and who exercise a good deal. 

Fish is not so easily digested as meat, but it 
may take the place of meat as a change. Fish 
should always be eaten when fresh, for it spoils very 
quickly. Salted fish, like any salted or " cured " 
meat, is more difficult to digest than fresh, and yet 
salted codfish is a very excellent food, being nour- 
ishing and at the same time cheap. We find shell- 
fish, such as oysters and clams, very good for food, 
more especially when eaten raw. When cooked 
they are harder to digest. 



30 



IX. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a stoiy about this picture. Use some of the facts of the preceding lesson. 




31 



X._ VEGETABLE FOODS. 

Bread. — While bread is sometimes called "the 
staff of life," it is not a perfect food when used 
alone. It contains very little fat in proportion to 
the amount of starch. Butter must be added to 
make it a complete food. 

Cheese, being rich in fats, may take the place of 
butter. In some of the countries of Europe black 
bread and rich cheese are the chief food of the peas- 
ants. 

Bread made of whole-ivheat flour has in it more 
food than white bread. 

Newly baked bread is very hard to digest. It 
forms such a soft, pasty mass in the mouth, that by 
the time it reaches the stomach, it is a solid lump 
which the digestive juices cannot easily act upon. 

Potatoes are a good food, but hard to digest. 
They should be eaten with meat, butter, or meat 
gravy. Beans are a good food for a strong, healthy 
person, but persons with weak digestion should not 
eat them. When either beans or peas are used, they 
should be cooked a long time and thoroughly chewed. 

32 



The grains, as oats, corn, and rice are chiefly starch. 
Turnips, cabbage, parsnips, and other vegetables give 
variety to our list of foods. They are all hard to 
digest and contain but little nourishment. 

Fruit. — Nearly all fruit is hard to digest. Ap- 
ples, pears, grapes, peaches, and similar fruits con- 
tain but little real food. They contain some sugar, 
a little mineral matter, a great deal of water, and 
the acids that give them their taste. These acids 
help the appetite and cause more saliva and gastric 
juice to flow. 

Ripe fruits in their season are the best, while 
too ripe or unripe fruits often cause illness. For 
example, the stomach and the intestines cannot 
digest green apples, but they try their best to do so. 
They churn and stir this unfit food faster and faster 
until there is great pain in the stomach and bowels. 
Much of the danger of unripe fruit may be removed 
by cooking. 

Green vegetables, such as raw cabbage, lettuce, 
radishes, beets, and celery, are less nourishing than 
fruit. 

Nuts are often highly praised as foods, because 
they contain more fats than do other vegetable foods, 
but the fat or oil contained in nuts is usually hard 
to digest. 

33 



Spices, such as mustard, pepper, and cloves, burn 
the stomach, just as they burn the mouth. If we 
put mustard on the skin, it will make the skin red. 
Spices do not nourish the body in any way, and 
therefore are not food. They are often used, how- 
ever, to season bad food, and to cover up the taste 
of injurious foods, and in this way they may prove 
quite harmful. 

Candy and Preserves. — These contain chiefly 
sugar. A certain amount of sugar is needed by the 
body, so a limited amount of pure candy is healthful. 

The harm arising from eating candy lies in the 
fact that it is apt to be eaten between meals, when 
the stomach needs rest. Again, too much candy 
may be eaten at one time. Whether in the form of 
candy or other sweets, too much sugar causes the 
liver to be overworked, and a bilious attack results. 



34 



XL— WINTER APPLES. 

A MEMORY LESSON. 

What cheer is there that is half so good 
In the snowy waste of a winter night, 
As a dancing fire of hickory wood 

And an easy-chair in its mellow light, 
And a pearmain apple, ruddy and sleek, 
Or a jenneting with a freckled cheek? 

A russet apple is fair to view, 

With a tanny tint like an autumn leaf, 
The warmth of a ripen'd corn-field's hue 
Or golden hint of a harvest sheaf; 

And the wholesome breath of the finished year 
Is held in a winesap's blooming sphere. 

— Hattie Whitney. 



35 



XII.— QUESTIONS FOR STUDY. 

1. Write a list of all the articles of food you ate 
yesterday. 

2. Tell the source of each of these foods, and 
how prepared. 

3. Name the kinds of nuts that are good to eat. 

4. Write the names of live stone fruits, such as 
the plum. 

5. Write the names of Ave fleshy fruits, such as 
the pumpkin. 

6. Give the names of plants whose leaves or stems 
are used as food, such as lettuce. 

7. Give the names of five plants whose roots or 
underground stems are used as food, such as the 
potato 

8. From what plants do we get oils or fats? 

9. From what plants do we get sugar? 



36 



XIIL— THE FOOD GRAINS. 



A LESSON FOE STUDY. 

Wheat belongs to the grass 
family, and like its brothers 
and sisters, has hollow, joint- 
ed stems. 

When the heads of wheat 
form, they are soft and green. 
The warm sunshine ripens 
them, and they become gold- 
en in color. Some of the 
heads are bearded, while the 
heads of others are bald or 
smooth. 

When the wheat has ri- 
pened it is reaped by being 
cut down and tied into 
bundles or sheaves. Next 
comes the threshing, when 
the wheat is beaten out of 
the shells or chaff. This 
used to be done by treading 

37 




with cattle, and later with a flail. How is it done 
now? 

Wheat is one of the best grains for food. Before 
the wheat can be made into bread, it must be ground 
into flour. How is this done? 

Which part of the grain becomes bran and which 
becomes flour? 

What is meant by "whole-wheat" flour? 

What is meant by cracked wheat, so commonly 
used as a breakfast food? 

Besides wheat there are other grains used as 
food Describe each of the following grains and 
tell how they are used as food: 1, rye; 2, buck- 
wheat; 3, rice; 4, barley; 5, oats. 

Corn.— A stalk of corn is much taller than a stalk 
of wheat. Each stalk has many joints that look 
like rings, and the leaves come out of these joints, 
ine corn leaves are large, green blades, long and 
narrow, and clasp the stalk. 

The corn plant has two blossoms. The one at 
the top, loaded with pollen, is called the tassel. 
Why is this grain called Indian corn? 

What is the difference between corn meal and 
hominy? 

What are some of the foods made from corn 
meal ? 

38 



XIV. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story based upon what you see in this picture. 




39 



XV.— THE FAST OF HIAWATHA: A LEGEND. 




A EEADING LESSON. 

Hiawatha loved his people and always 
tried to make them happy and contented. 
One pleasant day in the spring, after a hard 
winter, during which his people almost 
starved, he went alone into the forest to 
fast and pray that they might never again 
suffer from famine. 

He fasted seven days and seven nights. 

He saw that the deer, squirrels, rabbits, 
fish, wild rice, and berries were becoming 
scarcer every year. As he thought of this, 
he cried out, "Great Spirit, must our lives 
always depend on these things? What 
will become of my people when they can 
no longer find food to eat? 

The fourth day of his fast, Hiawatha, 
as he lay upon the dried leaves in front of 
his wigwam, weak from hunger, saw a 
youth approaching him. The young man 
was brightly dressed in green and yellow. 

40 



When he reached the open door of Hiawatha 7 s 
wigwam, he spoke softly and with much pity, say- 
ing, "I am the friend of man. Mondamin is my 
name. You shall gain for your people that for 
which you have longed and prayed. Rise from your 
bed and wrestle with me.' 7 

Hiawatha, though very weak, started up and 
wrestled with Mondamin. At sunset Mondamin 
went away. Each day, for three days, Mondamin 
came back at sunset, and Hiawatha wrestled with 
him. He praised Hiawatha for being so brave and 
good, and told him what to do when the wrestling 
should be over. 

"Strip off my green and yellow garments, and 
with them make me a bed. Make this bed where 
the sun may come and warm me, and where the 
rain may fall upon me. Keep the soil soft and 
loose above me. 77 

Hiawatha made the grave for Mondamin as he 
had been told. He did not forget to visit the grave 
every day, and to watch beside it. He kept it free 
from weeds and insects, and kept the earth soft and 
loose. 

One day he saw a tiny green blade sprouting 
out of the ground. He watched it carefully every 
day. Before the summer was over a beautiful stalk 

41 



of maize stood on Mondamin's grave. It was dressed 
in beautiful hues of green and yellow. 

When Hiawatha saw this stalk of maize or corn 
he cried out, "It is Mondamin! Yes, the friend of 
man, Mondamin!" 

Then he called his people about him, showed 
them the stalk of maize, and said to them, "This is 
a gift from the Great Spirit, and shall always be 
our food." 



42 



^■^■^^^ 



XVL— THE CORN SONG. 

A HEADING LESSON. 

Heap high the farmer's wintry hoard! 

Heap high the golden corn! 
No richer gift has Autumn poured 

From out her lavish horn ! 

Let other lands, exulting, glean 

The apple from the pine, 
The orange from its glossy green, 

The cluster from the vine. 

We better love the hardy gift 

Our rugged vales bestow, 
To cheer us when the storm shall drift 

Our harvest-fields with snow. 

Through vales of grass and meads of flowers 
Our ploughs their furrows made, 

While on the hills the sun and showers 
Of changeful April played. 

We dropped the seed o'er hill and plain 

Beneath the sun of May, 
And frightened from our sprouting grain, 

The robber crows away. 
43 



All through the long, bright days of June 
The leaves grew green and fair, 

And waved in hot midsummer's noon 
Its soft and yellow hair. 

And now with Autumn's moonlit eves 

Its harvest-time has come, 
We pluck away the frosted leaves 

And bear the treasure home. 

There, when the snows about us drift, 

And Winter winds are cold, 
Fair hands the broken grain shall sift, 

And knead its meal of gold. 

Let vapid idlers loll in silk 

Around their costly board; 
Give us the bowl of samp and milk, 

By homespun beauty poured! 

Where'er the wide old kitchen hearth 

Sends up its smoky curls, 
Who will not thank the kindly earth, 

And bless our farmer girls ! 

Then shame on all the proud and vain, 

Whose folly laughs to scorn 
The blessing of our hardy grain, 

Our wealth of golden corn! 



u 



Let earth withhold her goodly root, 

Let mildew blight the rye, 
Give to the worm the orchard's fruit 

The wheat-field to the fly. 

But let the good old crop adorn 

The hills our father's trod; 
Still let us, for his golden corn, 

Send up our thanks to God ! 
1848. — John Greenleaf Whittier. 



45 



XVII. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a list of foods made from corn. 




46 



XVIIL— SUNSHINE. 

A LESSON TO BE STUDIED. 

The best and greatest gift to all living things is 
sunshine. We should love it and try to have it in 
every room, every building, every yard, and on every 
playground. 

How friendly the sun is ! It gives to every living 
thing light, warmth, and beauty. How gladly the 
flowers turn to follow it with upturned faces the 
whole day long ! 

How glad we are when the sun suddenly shines 
through a cloud on a dark day! See how the 
animals love the sunshine! Our sick friends 
are often cured of illness by the warm sun-bath. 
Neither stables for animals nor the houses for 
people are ever healthy without the sunlight enter- 
ing into them. 

In the crowded cities there are always more deaths 
on the shady than on the sunny side of the street. 
Sunshine is necessary in all buildings, in all rooms, 
making them light and cheerful and the air pure. 

The tightly closed parlor, as well as the dark, 

47 



damp cellar, will cause disease unless often thrown 
open to the sunlight. 

Have you never noticed the effect of the warmth 
and light of the sun upon plant life? How does a 
plant look that is trying to grow in a cellar? What 
change takes place when it is brought out where it 
can get the sunshine ? Why do most plants do best 
at a south window? 

Could plants live without the sun ? What would 
we do without plants? 

Did you ever stop to think that without plants 
all other forms of life, the life of all grown people, 
of all children, and of all the animals, would stop? 
Our very lives depend upon these plants and trees. 
To them you owe your life. 

How do we depend upon plant life for our food, 
if we drink milk and eat meat ? 

Tell how we depend upon plant life for clothing, 
whether it is made of wool, cotton, linen, or silk? 

How are wood, coal, and oil, which we use to 
make heat and light, related to plant life? 

What, then, would be the effect on man and the 
other animals if there were no plant life? 

What would be the effect on plant life if there 
were no sunlight? 



48 



^^MM^^^HHMHM 



XIX.— THE SUN A PRISONER: A LEGEND. 

A KEADING LESSON. 

There was once a little Indian lad who, from his 
cradle in a hammock, learned to shoot birds. He 
made himself a beautiful red and brown coat from 
the feathers of the birds which he killed, and he 
was very proud of it. 

One day after a long hunt, little Shooter-of-Birds, 
for this was his name, lay down to rest on the top 
of a mountain. He was wakened by the odor of 
burning feathers. While he slept the great Sun 
had risen over the mountain, and with his hot 
breath had scorched and ruined his wonderful 
feather coat. 

"Did you do this, Sun? 77 shouted the angry 
boy. "You shall never rise again! " 

He ran to his home in the mountain cave and 
set to work to make a snare for the Sun. Long 
hours he spent in twisting fine cords of hemp, weav- 
ing them together until a rope strong as steel was 
made. With this he climbed again upon the moun- 
tain top and spread a coil across the skies for the 

49 



coming Sun. The mischievous manitous helped 
him spread and hold it, and sure enough, the great 
round Sun, blinded by his own light, rose right into 
the meshes of the coil. Shooter-of-Birds fastened 
the cord to the mountain peak and ran away, shout- 
ing to the ensnared Sun, "Never again will you 
scorch my feather coat ! " 

Hours, days, and months passed by. Darkness 
lay over the earth, and grass and trees, flowers and 
insects, beasts, birds, and even people suffered and 
died. The whole earth grew cold, and the animals 
huddled together in caves to keep warm. 

Finally they all decided to set out together to beg 
the Sun to come again. But they could not see in the 
darkness, save perhaps the Owl and the Wildcat, so 
they became separated, lost their way, and starved 
or were frozen. Only the tiny Mole persevered. 
Day after day he crawled along over the dark, cold 
earth until a month had passed. Then he found 
himself on the mountain peak where lay the help- 
less Sun. 

"Cut away this cord that binds me down, and I 
will gladly return to light and warm the earth 
again." So answered the Sun to the entreaties of 
the Mole. 

In spite of the heat the brave little fellow r crept 

50 



nearer to the great rope which bound the captive. 
His hair was singed and his little back was scorched. 
"I will try," he said, and gnawed away hour after 
hour. He kept up heart by saying to himself, "The 
world needs the Sun. He must be freed even if it 
costs my life." At last the cord was severed, and 
the Sun sprang gayly up into the heavens again. 

In a little while the grass grew fresh and green, 
the plants raised their heads and were full of blos- 
soms, the animals crept forth from their caves, and 
the world was again a place of joy and beauty. 

But the little Mole never again saw the beautiful 
world he had helped to save. The glare of the Sun 
had put out his eyes, and even to this day the blind- 
ness of the Mole reminds us of the anger and cruelty 
of the little Shooter-of-Birds. 



51 



XX.— IF I WEKE A SUNBEAM. 

A MEMOEY LESSON. 

If I were a sunbeam 

I know what I'd do: 
I would seek white lilies 

Rainy woodlands through; 
I would steal among them, 

Softest light I'd shed, 
Until every lily 

Raised its drooping head. 

If I were a sunbeam 

I know where I'd go: 
Into lowliest hovels, 

Dark with want and woe, 
Till sad hearts looked upward, 

I would shine and shine; 
Then they'd think of heaven, 

Their sweet home and mine. 

— Lacy Larcom. 



52 



XXL— ADULTERATED FOODS. 

A EEADING LESSON. 

The more we know about our wonderful bodies, 
the more do we see that we each live in a "House Beau- 
tiful." Without wholesome food we cannot keep 
these bodies in which we dwell, beautiful and sound. 

Sometimes our foods, instead of being pure, are 
mixed with cheaper materials that they may be sold 
at a lower price or at a larger profit. So common 
has this become that nearly every state has a pure 
food law. These laws are necessary to protect 
people from being cheated or made ill. 

The foods most often adulterated are sugar, candy, 
syrup, milk, butter, chocolate, coffee, flour, baking 
powder, bread, and jellies. 

Sugar, syrup, and candy are sometimes made from 
glucose obtained from corn. This sugar is quite apt 
to sour and decay within the bowels, thus causing 
disease. Some candies are colored with poisonous 
matter. 

Milk is often adulterated by the addition of water 
and some white substance, such as chalk. 

53 



Imitation butter is made entirely from lard, tal- 
low, and cotton-seed oil, and then colored to look 
like the pure, yellow butter made of rich cream. 
This product is called butterine or oleomargarine. 
Almost all of the states have laws against the sale 
of butterine, unless it is so stamped as to plainly 
show to the person buying it that it is not genuine 
butter, but an imitation. Has your state such a law ? 

Chocolate, coffee, and flour are adulterated in 
various ways. The chief way of adulterating flour is 
to add very fine corn flour or corn meal. This is 
heavier than pure wheat flour, and as flour is sold 
by weight, the person buying it is cheated. 

Bakery bread and cake are often made impure 
by adding ammonia for the purpose of making the 
loaf lighter and whiter. Not only is ammonia harm- 
ful, but a loaf of bread made in this manner weighs 
less than the same sized loaf when properly made. 

Baking powder is often made impure by the ad- 
dition of alum. Any baking powder containing alum 
is harmful. 

Home-made jellies and preserves are wholesome 
foods. When made from the juices of fruits and 
pure sugar they are expensive. So a cheap jelly is 
made from a brittle, glue-like substance, called gela- 
tine. Acids and coloring matter are added to make 

54 



this look like the pure jelly made at home from 
currants, strawberries, grapes, and other fruits. 

We find in our markets artificial eggs, artificial 
butter, and adulterated wheat flour, cider vinegar 
made without apples, lemon extracts made without 
lemon oil, and vanilla extracts made without a trace 
of vanilla. We may buy "Vermont Maple Syrup" 
that never was within a thousand miles of Vermont, 
but was made in a little, dingy, city factory. Nearly 
all the cheap, strained honey is made without the 
effort of a single bee. Artificial smoke is made out 
of poisonous drugs, for the purpose of quickly cur- 
ing hams and bacon. Spices made from ground 
pepper hulls, ground cocoanut shells, and ground 
bark are made by the ton. Canned fruits are often 
made with drugs which hinder digestion. 

This is only a partial list, but it is enough to 
show that we are often cheated in buying food. 

The adulteration of food is wrong, and people are 
right in insisting that laws be passed to prevent the 
sale and use of impure foods. 

Diseased Foods. — Sick animals are sometimes 
killed and sold as food. Vegetables may also be 
diseased. Diseased food is as bad as decayed or 
spoiled food. Consumption may be caught by per- 
sons eating the meat or drinking the milk from dis- 

55 



eased cattle. Pork often contains disease germs. 
Meat should always be well cooked, as the heat will 
destroy any germs of disease. 

Canned foods, especially canned meats, spoil 
very quickly after being opened to the air. All 
canned food should be eaten the day it is opened. 

Every particle of food that enters the stomach 
either helps or harms the body. 

The amount of strength we have, the bodily heat, 
and the health all depend upon the kind of food- 
fuel we use. 

Many diseases are due to bad food. Each pain 
you have is a signal telling you that somewhere in 
your body there is too much or too little supply. 

RULES OF THE GOOD HEALTH CLUB OF SCHOOL. 

IV. We should avoid foods hard to digest, such 
as pastry. 

V. We should not eat unripe, or overripe, or de- 
cayed fruits. 

VI. We should avoid adulterated foods, for while 
they are cheaper, they are dear at any price. 



56 





XXII.— THE TEETH. 

QUESTIONS FOE STUDY AND OBSERVATION. 

Notice the difference between the 
front and the back teeth. For what 
different purposes are they used? 
What is the shape of the teeth in 
animals that eat much flesh? In BackTooth 
animals that eat no flesh, but eat grains and 
grasses ? 

Observe how the horse bites the grass ; the cow ; 
the sheep. Why do these animals bite the grass 
differently? 

Why do birds have no teeth ? 
How many sets of teeth does nature give us? 
How many teeth in each set? 
How do good teeth help in speaking? In pre- 
serving the form of the face? In chewing food? 

If the skin is cut, a muscle torn, a joint sprained, 
repair at once begins; the injured parts help to heal 
themselves. Have the teeth any such power to 
mend themselves? 

How do bad teeth affect digestion? 

57 



XXIIL— CARE OF THE TEETH. 

We are careful to clean our nails because the 
dirt under them is so easily seen by others. Noth- 
ing, however, can mar one's looks more than yellow, 
decayed teeth. 

A toothbrush and a line silk or rubber thread 
are all that are needed to keep the teeth clean. The 
care of the teeth is largely a habit, This habit once 
formed, you would no more think of going to school 
without brushing your teeth than of going without 
washing your hands and face and combing your hair. 

Teeth that are kept clean can never decay. De- 
cay always begins on the outside, and not within 
the tooth. A toothbrush should be used twice each 
day — in the morning directly after breakfast, and 
in the evening just before going to bed. 

After meals, use a soft wood or quill toothpick. 
Never use a metal toothpick. With a fine silk 
thread or rubber band we can easily clean between 
the closest fitting teeth. 

The enamel is a hard armor-plate that protects 
the tooth from decay. A small hole or crack in 

58 




the enamel is soon followed by 
decay. Cracking nuts or biting hard 
substances with the teeth often 
breaks the enamel. Sudden cold, as 
the drinking of ice-water, may also 
crack the enamel. 

The teeth should be examined 
twice a year by a dentist, and any 
cavities should be promptly filled. 



Enlarged vertical section 
of a Tooth. 1 Enamel; 
2. Dentine; 3. Pulp; 4. 
Blood vessels and nerves 



Write some rules about the care 
of the teeth for the Good Health 
Club of your school. 



59 



XXIV.— AFTER THE RAIN. 

A MEMOKY LESSON. 

On the path that leads to school 
Water stands — a little pool ; 
Stepping high, across we pass, 
And see our faces in a glass. 

Muddy though our feet may be, 
AW- arc glad the drops to see, 
Saying: Welcome, merry rain! 
Do not fail to come again ! 

Cities may not like the rain ; 
Farmers smile when they complain; 
Knowing well that for the wheat, 
Barley, corn, and hayfields' sweet, 

Rain must fall on many days. 
So we sing our song of praise, 
Saying: Welcome, merry rain! 
Do not fail to come again! 

— Lydia Avery Coonley. 



60 



XXV. A PICTURE LESSON 

Write a story based upon this picture. 




J. F. ENGEL. 



CONTENTMENT. 
Gl 



XXVL— OUR DRINK. 

A LESSON TO BE STUDIED. 

The thirsty earth soaks up the rain, 
And drinks, and gapes for drink again, 
The plants suck in the earth, and are 
With constant drinking fresh and fair. 

—Abraham Cowley. 

Water. — The body craves water more than it 
does solid food. Water is really a food, for it is 
necessary to life and health, and forms at least 
three-fourths of the body. All foods contain water. 
Water is even present in the dry cracker. It forms 
one-half the weight of meat, and three-fourths the 
weight of potatoes. 

Uses of Water. — The chief uses of water to the 
body are: 1. To soften the food in cooking. 2. To 
form the liquid part of the blood, and thus carry 
food to every part of the body. 3. To take up and 
carry away the waste materials. 4. To bathe with. 

Pure Water. — It is necessary for our health that 
our drink be pure. People should never drink 
water that is taken from a shallow well into which 

62 



dirty, surface water can run, or from a well located 
near a slop-hole or other filthy place. Good drink- 
ing water should be cool, clear, without smell or 
taste, sparkling, not too hard, and free from animal 
or vegetable matter. 

Impure Water. — It is a great mistake to think 
that water taken from any kind of a well is good 
for drinking purposes. People often dig wells in 
some low place, where they can get water most easily. 
There can be no greater mistake, if we value our 
health, than to locate a well in a poor place. Ty- 




&*££#& 



Showing how water may become impure in badly located wells, from surface 
drainage. 

63 



phoid fever is commonly caused by impure drinking 
water. 

Water standing in lead pipes may take up some 
of the lead. Lead is a poison. We should let the 
water run through the pipes long enough for all that 
has been standing to run out, and fresh water to 
enter from the well or water-main. 

Pure water is the best beverage a person can 
use. Persons with stomachs too weak to bear tea 
or coffee are greatly benefited by taking a cup of hot 
water instead of these drinks. 

It is not wise to drink much water with our 
meals, for it is apt to weaken the digestive juices so 
much that our food will not be properly treated in 
the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Stomach and 
bowel troubles may result from this cause. 

It also hurts the stomach to drink ice-cold water, 
thus chilling it so it will be unable to do its work 
perfectly. 

Tea and Coffee. — These are often used as drinks. 
The drink in them is the water. The tea and coffee 
are neither food nor drink. They act as a sort of 
whip to the body. They are stimulating. They do 
not give any strength, but simply deaden the tired 
feelings, and whip the body to overwork. 

Beer, ale, wine, cider, gin, brandy, and whisky all 

64 



contain alcohol, and are therefore harmful. They can 
never take the place of water, because of their 
injurious effects upon the body. All alcoholic 
drinks produce a feverish thirst, and create a demand 
for more water than the body naturally requires. 
They increase, rather than quench, thirst. 



65 



XXVII. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story based upon this picture. Use some of the facts taught in the 

preceding lesson. 




MEYER VON BREMEN. 



66 



XXVIIL— THE CAPTAIN'S WELL. 

A KEADING LESSON. 

[The story of the shipwreck of Captain Valentine Bagley, on the coast 
of Arabia, and his sufferings in the desert, has been familiar from my child- 
hood. It has been partially told in the singularly beautiful lines of my 
friend, Harriet Prescott Spofford, but in the following ballad I have endeav- 
ored to give a fuller detail of the touching incident upon which it is founded. 
— The Author.] 

From pain and peril, by land and main, 
The shipwrecked sailor came back again; 

And like one from the dead, the threshold cross'd 
Of his wondering home that had mourned him lost; 

Where he sat once more with his kith and kin, 
And welcomed the neighbors thronging in. 

But when morning came he called for his spade, 
"I must pay my debt to the Lord," he said. 

"Why dig you here?" asked the passer-by; 
Is there gold or silver the road so nigh?" 

"No, friend," he answered, "but under this sod 
Is the blessed water, the wine of God." 

"Water! the Powwow is at your back, 
And right before you the Merrimac, 

67 



"And look you up, or look you down, 
There's a well-sweep at every door in town." 

"True," he said, "we have wells of our own. 
But this I dig for the Lord alone." 

Said the other: "This soil is dry, you know, 
I doubt if a spring can be found below. 

" You had better consult, before you dig, 
Some water-witch, with a hazel twig." 

" No, wet or dry, I will dig it here, 
Shallow or deep, if it takes a year. 

"In the Arab desert where shade is none, 
The waterless land of sand and sun, 

"Under the pitiless, brazen sky, 

My burning throat as the sand was dry. 



"Then something tender, and sad, and mild 
As a mother's voice to her wandering child, 

" Rebuked my frenzy ; and bowing my head, 
I prayed as I never before had prayed : 

" i Pity me, God ! for I die of thirst ; 
Take me out of this land accurst ; 

" ' And if ever I reach my home again, 
Where earth has springs, and the sky has rain, 

68 



" ' I will dig a well for the passers-by, 
And none shall suffer from thirst as I. 5 



" God heard my prayer in that evil day ; 
He led my feet in their homeward way. 



" Now the Lord be thanked, I am back again, 
Where earth has springs and the skies have rain, 

"And the well I promised by Oman's Sea, 
I am digging for him in Amesbnry." 

His kindred wept, and his neighbors said : 
"The poor old captain is out of his head." 

But from morn to noon, and from noon to night, 
He toiled at his task with main and might ; 

And when at last, from the loosened earth, 
Under his spade the stream gushed forth, 

And fast as he climbed to his deep well's brim, 
The water he dug for followed him. 

He shouted for joy: "I have kept my word, 
And here is the well I promised the Lord ! " 

The long years came, and the long years went, 
And he sat by his roadside well content ; 



He watched the travelers, heat-oppressed, 
Pause by the way to drink and rest. 

And the sweltering horses dip, as they drank, 
Their nostrils deep in the cool, sweet tank, 

And grateful at heart, his memory went 
Back to that waterless Orient, 

And the blessed answer of prayer which came 
To the earth of iron and sky of flame. 

And when a wayfarer, weary and hot, 
Kept to the mid-road, pausing not 

For the well's refreshing, he shook his head : 
"He don't know the value of water," he said; 

"Had he prayed for a drop, as I have done, 
In the desert circle of sand and sun, 

"He would drink and rest, and go home to tell 
That God's best gift is the wayside well ! " 

— John Grreenleaf Whittier. 

Permission Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Publishers. 



70 



XXIX.— FALSE APPETITES. 

A LESSON FOR STUDY. 

It seems strange that man alone of all the ani- 
mals should injure his body by improper eating and 
improper drinking, when he knows more about the 
harmful effects of doing so than do all the other 
animals put together. Man is surrounded by plenty 
of good food, yet he often makes himself sick by 
eating or drinking too much, or by eating or drink- 
ing something that is harmful. 

The Appetite. — Bread and meat, and such plain 
food, always taste good. We never tire of them. 
The taste of a food tells us the kind to eat. If we 
can eat any food day after day without getting 
tired of it, we may be sure that it is good food for us. 
A little sugar tastes good. If we eat too much, we 
become sick of it. 

False Appetites. — After one has eaten a meal of 
plain food and his hunger is satisfied, he will then 
sometimes eat some heavy, sweet, rich pudding 
because it is so spiced and seasoned as to taste well. 
He eats because of the pleasant taste, and not 

71 



because of hunger. He is creating a false appetite 
for things not good for him. 

Intemperance in Eating. — This is one of the most 
common kinds of intemperance. A horse will never 
drink just to be friendly, and a squirrel with a house 
made of acorns will eat just what he needs, but 
some men eat all kinds of foods and drink harmful 
drinks merely for the pleasure of eating and drinking. 

All food or drink taken into the body will either 
build up or tear down. 

Alcohol. — This clear, colorless liquid has certain 
uses. It is used to preserve specimens, to take 
grease spots out of cloth, and to make such things 
as varnish and perfumes. In using alcohol as a 
drink, whether in the form of wine, beer, brandy, 
whisky, or other beverages, it is used in the wrong 
way. It does not help growth, but it does hinder 
and tear down. 

Alcohol is Poisonous. — Alcohol destroys muscle, 
limits its action, and causes the brain to act dishon- 
estly. Like strychnine, it may stir the heart to 
beat faster ; but also, like strychnine, it is a danger- 
ous drug. More hard work can be done without 
alcohol than with it. 

Alcohol and Physical Training. — No person being 
prepared for athletic events by a trainer is allowed 

72 



■MM 



to drink any beverage that contains alcohol. The 
athlete requires foods that build up and give him 
strength and quickness. Since alcoholic drinks do 
not help, but harm, he dare not use them. 

Alcohol and Disease. — There are certain diseases 
directly due to the use of alcohol. The person who 
does not use alcohol never has these diseases. The 
diseases arising from the use of whisky, brandy, and 
other drinks containing alcohol, include those that 
affect the liver, kidneys, stomach, the eyes, and the 
arteries. There is not a single form of insanity or 
any disease of the nerves that cannot be caused by 
alcoholic drinks. 

Alcohol and Habit. — No one begins by drinking 
the strongest liquors. At first, only the weaker 
alcoholic drinks are taken. Then one begins to 
crave stronger drinks, for the weaker ones no longer 
have the desired effect. When a man has once 
begun to drink liquor he finds it almost impossible 
to stop. Thus even the weaker drinks are dangerous. 

Alcohol and the Mind. — It is the alcohol that is 
in the beer, wine, whisky, brandy, hard cider, and 
other liquors that causes men to become drunk. In 
this state they have no power to think correctly, to 
reason properly, for memory, judgment, the will, 
and all the other mental powers are affected. 

73 



The Harm of It. — The harm that may come to 
the body or mind of the man who drinks is not the 
only thing to consider. The money that is worse 
than wasted for a false appetite might have been 
spent for clothing, food, books, and charity — things 
that would improve both body and mind, and make 
people happier and more comfortable. 

The Waste. — Millions of dollars' worth of grains 
are used every year to make alcoholic drinks. These 
grains should be used in making foodstuffs, such as 
flour. Whisky is made from rye, wheat, corn, and 
other grains that should have been used in making 
food. Beer is made from barley. Good food is 
more expensive and harder to get because of the 
manufacture of alcoholic drinks. 

The grains and fruits have so many good uses 
that it is a shame to crush them so that they may sour 
and ferment to make alcoholic drinks that are 
poisonous to the body. 

The people of the United States spend many 
millions of dollars more for strong drink than they 
spend for bread and meat. They spend more for 
what tends to hurt the body than for that which 
would build it up. 

Strong Drink and Thirst. — Alcohol placed on the 
skin takes away the water that keeps the skin 

74 



moist, and makes it dry and hard. Strong drink 
will not quench the thirst, but will only make ones' 
mouth dryer. Water will satisfy the thirsty man, 
but strong drink will not. 

A person can live a long, useful, happy life, and 
be always healthy without a single drop of strong 
drink. He cannot live at all without water to drink. 

The Happiness of Health. — The use of alcoholic 
drink is entirely unnecessary to the body. How 
fine to have a good, strong body, good stout mus- 
cles, well built by the use of good food and pure 
water, and well trained by proper and regular exer- 
cise! Care for yourself so that your body may be 
rich in pure blood, possess nerves that are steady, 
and a brain that is as clear as a bell, and your mind 
will be quick to learn. To secure these things you 
must not use alcohol in any form. You need no 
whip or stimulant All that you need is pure air, 
proper and regular exercise, good food, and sunshine. 
These you must have to be healthy. 



75 



XXX. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story based upon this picture. 




76 



XXXL— A DECEITFUL FRIEND. 



A LESSON FOE STUDY. 



Some men say they take strong drink to keep 
them warm. Others claim they drink to keep them 
cool. Some men drink to quiet their nerves and 
make them sleep. Others drink to stir their nerves 
and make their bodies work faster and harder. 
Some claim that strong drink helps them to digest 
their food, when really alcohol keeps the stomach 
from digesting food. 

The body has no need of alcohol in any form, 
yet men are deceived into using it, in spite of the 
great risk and danger. 

But there is something else besides strong drink 
that cheats and deceives men. 

A good farmer, you say, will keep his fields free 
from weeds. Yet some farmers plant weeds. They 
will carefully tend a field of these weeds and neglect 
to plow the corn in the next field. They will watch 
that neither worms nor insects may eat holes in the 
big, broad green leaves of the weed. 

Why does the planter take such good care of a 



77 



patch of weeds? This weed cannot feed the hungry, 
as do wheat and corn. It cannot be used for cloth- 
ing, as can the flax. It cannot be made into paper 
on which to print books. No, indeed ; yet men will 
use less or poorer food in order to have money to 
buy leaves of this weed. They will wear poorer 
clothes and go without good books in order to pos- 
sess this weed. Why do they do it? 

This weed is a deceitful friend. It makes men 
think they are happy. It makes them think it is 
gentlemanly to lill the air with vile smoke. It 
makes boys think they are big men when they stain 
their lingers, teeth, and tongue, poison their bodies, 
and stop their growth with the cigarette. 

Why Is Tobacco Used ? — More money is spent for 
tobacco than for food. The truth is that this weed 
is an enemy to growth, health, and cleanliness. 
Some men think it is a friend. They are deceived. 
One man smokes to make his brain work faster. 
He says tobacco helps him think. Another smokes 
to quiet his brain and make him stop thinking. 
The fact is that men learn to like this deceitful 
friend and do not care if it brings harm to them. 

Tobacco Intemperance. — Tobacco is especially 
harmful to the young. It checks the growth of the 
boy. It makes it less possible for him to become a 

78 



big, strong, healthy man. It weakens his nerves. 
It hurts his stomach. It spoils the effect of good 
food. It lessens the appetite for good food. 

Tobacco contains a strong poison called nicotine. 
It may cause weak eyes, disease of the throat, heart, 
or lungs. 

The effect of tobacco on a person over thirty 
years of age, when he has entirely grown, depends 
on the amount used and the strength of the person 
using it. The safe rule is never to use it. Men 
never regret not having formed this needless habit. 

Tobacco intemperance is always harmful to the 
body at any age. A man is never made stronger or 
healthier by it, and a growing boy always suffers 
from its use, even in the smallest quantities. 

Effect of Tobacco on the Young. — The head of the 
largest wholesale dry goods house in the world re- 
cently said: "The use of tobacco always hurts the 
boy. It makes him tired, stupid, and lazy; it makes 
him cross and careless of the rights and feelings of 
others. Worse than this, it makes some boys lie 
and even steal in order to get it.' 7 Many business 
men and railroad officers refuse to hire boys who 
use tobacco. 

If a boy smokes he becomes short of breath. He 
cannot successfully take part in athletics. No 

79 



youth that uses tobacco can be on any college foot- 
ball team, baseball nine, or boat crew. A boy who 
smokes cannot do fast or steady work with his brain 
or hands. 

The Cigarette Evil. — The bad effects of tobacco 
on the young are even worse when used by them in 
the form of cigarettes. Most cigarettes are drugged 
with opium, and the paper is usually made by the 
use of poisons. The effect of cigarette smoking on 
boys is clearly shown in the following report of the 
principal of one of the Chicago schools, who carefully 
studied the effect of the cigarette habit on school work: 
"In the last three years, in my school, I have 
found 125 boys who smoked from two to twenty 
cigarettes a day, and not more than ten of them 
were able to keep up with their class. Among these 
125 boys were found nearly all those pupils who 
were from two to jive years older than the average 
age of children of the same grade, as well as ninety 
per cent of those boys who were hard to get along 
with, and all of those who were in the habit of 
playing truant. 

"An Anti-Tobacco Society was organized, which 
most of the boys joined. From frank and friendly 
talks with them many of their temptations were 
made clear. Twenty-four stated that the reason 

80 



they failed to learn their lessons was because most 
of the time they were too sleepy to study; thirty 
said they were always dizzy after smoking, and did 
not feel like thinking; twenty-two could not write 
neatly because their hands trembled ; several, to use 
their own words, felt shaky when they walked. A 
large number were unable to run any distance, some 
not more than a block, although before they began 
to smoke they could run as far as any one. Nearly 
all told me they had headaches constantly. With 
scarcely an exception they stated that they were 
unable to learn their lessons, though kept after 
school hours for that purpose. 

"From 88 schools 2,402 pupils were reported as 
slaves to the cigarette habit, and only six per cent of 
these were able to do the school work of their grade. 
As there are 235 schools in Chicago, and 88 of them 
report 2,400 cigarette smokers, it is safe to say that 
there are 5,000 cigarette smokers in the Chicago 
schools, not more than 400 of whom are able to 
advance with their class. 7 ' 

Many states take care of their boys by means of 
wise laws that forbid the sale of cigarettes. Every 
good citizen will do all in his power to help enforce 
these laws so that the bright growing boys will not 
be robbed or cheated by a deceitful friend. 

81 



XXXIL— A WRITING LESSON. 

Write these sentences: 

1. Tobacco is a weed. 

2. Tobacco is a poison. 

3. Tobacco injures the muscles, making them 
small and weak. 

4. Tobacco does not help the stomach to digest 
food. It hinders digestion. 

5. Tobacco causes headaches and coated tongues, 
which are signs of poor digestion. 

6. Tobacco stunts the growth of the young. 

7. Tobacco discolors the teeth and makes bad 
breath. 

8. Tobacco costs money that should be spent 
for food, clothes, books, and to make others happier. 

9. Tobacco makes boys think they are smart, 
while it really makes them lazy and stupid. 

10. Tobacco is a deceitful friend. 



82 



XXXIIL— THE SKIN AND THE KIDNEYS. 



A LESSON FOE STUDY. 



Oil 

Glands 



We will now talk about the way in which the 
body gets rid of some of the waste materials. The 

skin and the kidneys 
together, acting in 
much the same way, 
form a very large part 
of the sewer system 
of the body. By 
means of them we 
rid the body of the 
waste products that 
~ Fa ceii would be injurious. 
The Skin. — The 

~~ Hair 

Bu,b skin is the soft, satin- 

(Modified from Kolliker.) A vertical section of the like COVCring Of the 

Skin, showing the two layers, the glands, and a hair ° 

shaft body, and fits it like 

a smooth glove or closely fitting garment. It is so 
elastic that it is never too large or too small. If 
you take up a little fold of the skin, you will notice 
that it can be stretched like a sheet of India-rubber. 

83 




Blood 
Tube 



Like rubber, when you let go, the skin quickly 
contracts and looks as before. 

Two Skins. — Perhaps you do not know that you 
have two skins, or rather, two layers of skin. There 
is an outer one called the scarf skin, and directly 
beneath it the true skin. 

If you have ever tried to make a whistle from a 
piece of a branch or twig, you have noticed that 
there are really two barks : an outer bark, almost as 
thin as paper in young trees, thick and rough in 
older ones, and an inner bark that fits tightly against 
the wood of the tree. A good deal of the outer 
bark can be peeled off without doing the tree much 
harm. But if you strip off any of the inner bark, 
you are apt to do the tree great injury. 

The Scarf Skin. — Our bodies are very much like 
trees, in that they also have two skins. You can 
run a pin through the thin outer layer, or scarf 
skin, without causing pain, because it has no blood 
or nerves. It is this outer skin that puffs up when 
we have a blister caused by rubbing or burning. 

The Pigment. — The under side of the scarf skin 
contains little bits of coloring matter, called pig- 
ment. In different races this coloring matter dif- 
fers in kind and amount. In white persons there 
is very little pigment present. In Indians the pig- 

84 



ment is of a reddish copper color, while in negroes it 
is black. Freckles are due to the fact that the pig- 
ment is not evenly spread out on the under surface 
of the scarf skin, but is in patches. 

The True Skin. — The inner skin is filled with 
blood vessels and nerves. It is more important 
than the scarf skin. For this reason it is called 
the true skin. It is thicker than the outer skin, 
just as the inner bark of a young tree is thicker 
than the outer bark. If a needle pricks this inner 
skin, it causes pain, and drops of blood appear. 
In the deeper portions of the skin are two kinds 
of sacs, or glands — the sweat glands and the oil 
glands. 

The Sweat Glands. — In almost all parts of the 
skin are to be found tiny tubes, with their lower 
ends coiled and tied into a knot, and their outer 
ends open on the surface of the scarf skin. If you 
look at the palm of your hand you will see not only 
many coarse lines, but also many fine ridges with 
little furrows or valleys between them. If you ex- 
amine each of these little ridges with a magnifying 
glass, you will see a number of little dark spots ar- 
ranged along each ridge. Each of these little dark 
points is the mouth of one of the very small sweat 
tubes. 

85 



The Perspiration. — Perspiration, or sweat, is be- 
ing given off all the time, and it usually dries as 
fast as it forms. If it is warm weather, and we 
have drunk a good deal of water, or if we have been 
heated by exercise, we find that the sweat or per- 
spiration is given off in larger amounts, so that it 
forms in drops that can be seen on the forehead, 
face, and other parts of the skin. If you wish to 
see for yourself that perspiration is leaving the skin 
all the time, take a small, cool piece of ordinary 
window glass, touch it to the skin of your hand, and 
it will soon be clouded over with moisture. 

Perspiration is 
something besides 
water. It contains 
much waste material. 

Keep the Pores Open. 
— If your body were 
covered over with paste 
or varnish, so that all 
these little pores or 
openings of the sweat 
ducts were closed, you 

would certainly die. An animal covered thus with 
varnish dies in about eight hours. 

Nearly four hundred years ago, one evening at a 



1 u 



«;] 



Wi 



• e .'l 









<& 



\H & 



A portion of the Skin from the palm of the hand, 
highly magnified, showing the openings of the 
pores. 



play in one of the courts of Europe, a boy was 
covered over with gilt so as to look like a cherub. 
In a few hours he became very sick, and died be- 
fore morning, in spite of all the doctors could do for 
him. He was poisoned because the perspiration 
was kept in his body instead of being allowed to 
escape freely, as nature demands. 

A Cold. — You should never pull off your coat 
and sit down in a draught of air to cool off quickly. 
This checks the perspiration suddenly, and the re- 
sult is what is commonly called a cold. A cold 
results from the sudden closing up of the sweat 
pores of the skin, so that the waste matter cannot 
flow out. 

Oil Glands. — There are also in the skin many lit- 
tle oil glands, usually placed near the root of a 
hair, which empty their oil into a little sac in which 
the hair rests. The hair takes up this oil, and it is 
better for your hair than any oil the barber can use. 
If the skin is healthy this natural oil will keep the 
hair smooth and glossy. A stopped-up oil gland 
will produce a pimple; stoppage of several oil glands 
at one place will cause a boil. 

Hair. — There are many curious little pockets in 
the skin, and from each of these pockets grows a 
hair. In birds these little pockets are larger than 

87 



in our skin, and from them grow feathers instead of 
hair. 

The hair should be frequently washed or sham- 
pooed with good soap and soft water, in order to 
keep it in good condition. 

Nails. — The nails of the toes and lingers also 
grow out of little pockets in the skin, very much as 
the hairs do. 

The nails of the fingers are of great help in pick- 
ing up small objects, in untying knots, and in 
many other ways, just as the claws of a bird are 
useful in assisting it to hold to the twig of a tree. 
For what purpose are the claws useful to a cat? 
To a dog? 

Hang-Nails. — Sometimes a little narrow strip of 
skin near the root of the nail becomes torn up, and 
hangs by one end. This is called a hang-nail. If 
you ever have one, you know that it is very sore 
and painful. Biting them off makes them much 
worse. They should be snipped off close to the 
skin with sharp scissors. 

The nails should be kept clean. The black- 
looking dirt under the ends of the nails contains 
not only much filth, but often little active germs, 
similar to those that live in impure water. Sick- 
ness has often been carried in this way. 



■■■■ 



THE KIDNEYS. 

The kidneys are among the most important or- 
gans of the body. They are two bean-shaped bodies 
of the same size, each one being a little larger than 
half the size of the closed fist. One lies on each 
side of the backbone. 

The Structure of the Kidneys. — The kidney is full 
of little tubes or sewer drains, very much like those 
found in the skin. In fact, the kidneys are very simi- 
lar to a roll of skin, turned outside in, that pours 
the waste matter into the cavity at the center. 

The Work of the Kidneys.— The work of the kid- 
neys is quite like that of the skin. They separate 
from the blood poisonous matter which would soon 
cause death. If the kidneys become diseased, they 
cannot get rid of the poison, and BrigMs disease 
sets in. 

One way to keep the kidneys healthy is to keep 
the skin clean by proper bathing. We should also 
drink plenty of pure, soft water, and we should 
avoid eating much rich food, such as pastry. 

Danger from Colds. — Some diseases of the kid- 
neys are caused by colds. A cold, you recall, closes 
the pores of the skin, forcing the kidneys to do 
more than their share of work. 

89 



XXXIY. A PICTURE LESSON. 

AVrite a short composition upon "The Care of the Hair.' 







n 






f 


\ 1 MF^&fikf-i 

HI 


1 A 

1 /m 



THE VILLAGE BARBER. 

90 



U^H^^^^B^^^^BHH^MH 



XXXV.— CARE OF THE SKIN. 

A LESSON FOR STUDY. 

In a previous lesson, you learned that, for the 
sake of health, the pores of the skin must be 
kept open. If they were closed by means of paste 
or varnish, death would result. Now, at times, 
patches of varnish do gather on the skin, closing 
some of the pores. The sweat that carries out 
waste matter through the skin, dries on the surface. 

Alcohol and the Skin. — Alcoholic drinks cause the 
little blood vessels under the skin of the face to en- 
large. This makes the face red and the skin rough. 
A red nose is a pretty sure sign of a drinker. A 
habitual drinker rarely has a clear skin. 

Alcohol makes more waste material for the skin 
and kidneys to remove from the body. The kidneys 
and the sweat glands of the skin have to work 
harder on this account. This is the reason that al- 
cohol is the most common cause of kidney disease. 

Bathing. — It is very necessary that the skin be 
kept clean, since impure matter is continually ooz- 
ing through the pores. This is the reason that we 

91 



should bathe the entire body at least once or twice 
a week. Bathing will keep the skin healthy and the 
pores open. The poisonous waste will then pass 
out, instead of being kept within the body. The skin 
cannot do its work in draining the body of waste 
material, if the pores are not kept open by frequent 
bathing. If we neglect the skin, the lungs and the 
kidneys will have more than their share of work to do. 

Bathing is made necessary because 3,000,000 
tiny sewers or sweat tubes are pouring out dead and 
dirty waste matter to dry upon the skin. If a tub- 
bath is not convenient, a sponge bath may take its 
place. After bathing, rub the body with a dry 
towel. Remember, we bathe to get rid of the dirt 
and waste of the body. 

We should not bathe in water that is too cold or 
too hot. We should not bathe when we are very 
tired. We should not bathe just before or just after 
eating a hearty meal. 

Swimming. — Many people, especially boys, prefer 
to take a bath by going in swimming. This is the 
finest kind of healthy exercise, but it is dangerous 
to go in when too tired, too warm, or directly after 
eating. Many boys are drowned every year by for- 
getting these things, being seized with cramps while 
in the water. 

92 



XXXVI. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story based upon this picture and the lesson you have just completed. 



1 

**L . _\ x — -*r — ^— - 




Hi 

- - tjl '■' w^KL^m mm *aimmm^*^ 



THE DOLL'S BATH. 



XXX VIL— THE OLD SWIMMIN'-HOLE.* 

Oh, the old swimmin'-hole ! where the crick so still and deep, 
Looked like a baby-river that was laying half-asleep, 
And the gurgle of the worter round the drift jest below, 
Sounded like the laugh of something we one'st ust to know 
Before we could remember anything but the eyes 
Of the angels, lookin' out as we left paradise ; 
But the merry days of youth is beyond our control, 
And it's hard to part forever with the old swimmin'-hole. 

Oh, the old swimmin'-hole ! In the happy days of yore, 

When I ust to lean above it on the old sickamore ; 

Oh, it showed me a face in its warm, sunny tide, 

That gazed back at me so gay and glorified, 

It made me lose myself, as I leaped to caress 

My shadder, smilin' up at me with such tenderness. 

But them days is past and gone, and old Time's tuck his toll 

From the old man, come back to the old swimmin'-hole. 

Oh, the old swimmin'-hole ! In the long, lazy days, 
When the hum-drum of school made so many runaways, 
How pleasant was the journey down the old dusty lane, 
Where the tracks of our bare feet was all printed so plain, 
You could tell by the dent of the heel and the sole 
They was lots o' fun on hands at the old swimmin'-hole. 
But the lost joys is past ! Let your tears in sorrow roll, 
Like the rain that ust to dapple up the old swimmin'-hole. 

— James WJiitcomb Riley. 

* On account of the dialect, this lesson should, perhaps, be read to the 
class by the teacher, and then discussed. 

94 



XXXVI1L— CLOTHING. 

A LESSON FOR STUDY. 

If Mother Nature patches the leaves of trees and vines, 
I'm sure she does her darning with the needles of the pines, 
They are so long and slender ; and somewhere in full view, 
She has her threads of cobweb, and a thimble made of dew. 



We must be careful to clothe ourselves properly. 
There is the same danger from too much as from too 
little clothing in cold weather. Too much clothing 
over any part of the body overheats it and makes it 
tender. Many sore throats are caused by wearing 
scarfs or mufflers about the neck. 

Tight clothing always harms. There is no waste 
space in the human body. Girls need as much 
room for their livers, stomachs, and lungs as do 
boys. Tight lacing deforms the liver, squeezes up 
the lungs, and crowds the stomach out of place. 
This injures the health. 

Shoes. — The wearing of flat-heeled shoes is better 
for the health than the very high-heeled French shoes 
that are sometimes "the style" among people who 

95 



do not know the harm they cause. Tight shoes 
cause corns and painful swellings on the feet. Shoes 
that are much too loose will also cause corns. 

Elastic garters about the knee to hold up the 
stockings should not be made too tight, lest they 
hinder free circulation of the blood. It is better to 
wear supporters fastened at the waist or on the 
shoulders. 

If paper were not so easily torn, it would make 
the best kind of clothing for cold weather. It is of 
light weight and keeps in the bodily heat. On the 
coldest nights we can keep very warm in bed by 
spreading a couple of newspapers between the covers 
over us. 

Woolen Clothing. — With respect to clothing, the 
sheep is our best friend. Woolen clothing is lighter 
in weight than cotton of the same thickness. It 
absorbs the perspiration more readily, and does not 
permit the body to become quickly chilled. Woolen 
clothing makes one less likely to take cold. 

Clean Clothes. — Much of the dirt and sweat of 
our bodies cling to our clothes. Our clothes must 
be washed clean as well as our bodies. The clothes 
we wear through the day should be aired at night. 
The bedclothes i 
through the day. 



L B 11 LUC Viaj (5HUU1U L/C ClllCU. CI L lllgJ 

The bedclothes and the bedroom should be aired 



96 



XXXIX. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story about " The Spinner," making use of some of the facts about 
clothing mentioned in the preceding lesson. 




THE SPINNER. 

97 



XL.— A SPKING SONG. 

A MEMORY LESSON. 

Old Mother Earth woke up from her sleep, 

And found she was cold and bare ; 
The Winter was over, the Spring was near, 

And she had not a dress to wear. 
"Alas," she sighed, with great dismay, 

" Oh, where shall I get my clothes ? 
There's not a place to buy a suit, 

And a dressmaker no one knows." 

"I'll make you a dress," said the springing grass, 

Just looking above the ground, 
"A dress of green, of the loveliest sheen, 

To cover you all around." 
"And we," said the dandelions gay, 

"Will dot it with yellow bright." 
"I'll make a fringe," said forget-me-not, 

"Of blue, very soft and light." 

"We'll embroider the front," said the violets, 

"With a lovely purple hue." 
"And we," said the roses, "will make you a crown 

Of red, jeweled over with dew." 

9& 



"'And we'll be your gems/' said a voice from the shade. 

Where the ladies' ear-drops live — 
" Orange is the color for any queen, 

And the best we have to give." 

Old Mother Earth was thankful and glad, 

As she put on her dress so gay ; 
And that is the reason, my little ones, 

She is looking so lovely to-day. 

— Selected. 



Is this a time to be cloudy and sacl, 

When our Mother Nature laughs around; 

When even the deep blue heavens look glad, 

And gladness breathes from the blossoming ground ? 

There are notes of joy from the hangbird and wren, 
And the gossip of swallows through all the sky; 

The ground-squirrel gayly chirps by his den, 

And the wilding bee hums merrily by. 

— William Cullen Bryant 
LofC. 



99 



XLL— THE BLOOD. 

A LESSOX FOR STUDY. 

The food we eat and the water we drink become 
blood. The blood goes to every part of our bodies 
to feed and repair the tissues. Each part of the 
body selects from the blood just the food it needs 
for repair and growth. One-twelfth of the weight 
of the body is blood. 

The blood appears to the unaided eye like any 
red fluid, such as ink. Looked at through the 
microscope, we plainly see that the blood looks like 
water with millions of little red cells in it. Blood 
consists of red cells, white cells, and a clear fluid. 

The little cells in the blood are called corpuscles. 
In the healthy person there are 300 red ones to 
every white one. The red corpuscles are the more 
important. They are the food carriers to all parts 
of the body. 

Because the blood goes round and round in your 
bodies, from the heart to the hands, feet, head, then 
to the lungs and back again to the heart, in some- 
thing of a circle, it is said to circulate. 

100 



The blood passes through the body in tubes. A 
force pump inside the body always keeps the blood 
moving. The pump is the heart 

The tubes through which the blood is carried 
from the heart to the various parts of the body are 
called arteries. The tubes through which the blood 
flows back to the heart, to be made pure again, are 
the veins. 

The arteries are quite large near the heart, but 
they soon divide into branches. These branches 
divide again and again, and at the points furthest 
from the heart, they are very small and thread-like. 
These finest branches are called cajnllaries. They 
form a fine network, and touch every cell in the 
body, bringing it the food required. The walls of 
these finest tubes are so thin that some of the blood 
soaks through the sides of the tubes and supplies 
the nearby cells with food, which they are always 
ready to take in and use. 

The capillaries again join, forming larger tubes 
— the veins. The nearer the heart, the larger the 
veins. The blood in the veins contains the waste 
and poisonous matter which it carries back to the 
heart and lungs. The blood in the arteries is bright 
red. The waste matter gives the blood in the veins 
a dark, dingy, bluish color. The bright red blood 

101 



brings food to the cells. The dark blue blood car- 
ries the impure waste from the cells to the heart 
and lungs, where it is thrown off from the lungs by 
the breath. 

The Heart. — Locate your heart. Feel it beat. 
The heart is a live pump that keeps going as long 
as we live. If it stops pumping, we die. Stand 
still and count your heart-beats. How many beats 
per minute ? About eighty. Does it beat faster or 
slower when you run? 

The heart is a muscle bag with thick sides. 
When it becomes full of blood, it has the power to 
make itself smaller by squeezing the blood out. 
Each squeeze is a heart-beat. 

Why the Heart Beats Faster During Exercise. — 
The more we do, the more food do the cells of our 
bodies need. They get this food from the blood. 
In running, walking, jumping, playing tag, or ball, 
the cells tire more quickly than when we stand or 
sit still. They use up their food sooner. The heart 
must beat more rapidly to get enough food to them. 

The Heart Must Be Strong. — The heart pumps all 
the time. We need strong, healthy hearts. We 
must not do anything that may weaken the heart. 

Alcohol and the Heart. — All alcoholic drinks at 
first act as a whip (stimulus), and make the heart 

102 



beat faster. This tires the heart and finally weak- 
ens it so that it cannot do its best work. 

Tobacco and the Heart. — While tobacco hurts the 
entire body, it is especially harmful to the heart. 
Tobacco makes the heart flutter or palpitate. In 
this condition the heart beats fast at one time and 
slow at another. A smoker cannot run such long 
distances or work so hard as one who does not use 
tobacco. 

For the reason that tobacco affects the heart, 
makes the breath short, and hurts the stomach, the 
athlete training for a game or race is not allowed 
to use it in any form. 

The younger the boy, the more is he harmed by 
tobacco. 

The Pulse. — Find your pulse. Count its beats 
for one minute, while you are sitting still. Then 
walk once rapidly around the room. Count the 
pulse beats now. What is the difference in the 
number of beats? 

Why does the doctor feel the pulse of a sick 
person ? 



103 



XLIL— A WRITTEN REVIEW. 

WKITE THESE SENTENCES. 

1. The blood is a liquid that contains many 
round, red cells and some white cells. 

2. The blood carries all kinds of food to all the 
cells of the body. 

3. The heart is a pump that keeps the blood 
moving. 

4. The blood in the arteries flows away from the 
heart. 

5. It then flows from the smallest ends of the 
arteries through the capillaries, into the veins. 

6. The blood in the arteries is bright red. 

7. The blood in the veins is dark blue. 

8. The red blood carries air and food to the cells 
of the body. 

9. The blue blood carries away the worn out 
matter that the body can no longer use for growth 
and repair. 

10. Alcoholic drinks and tobacco injure the 
heart. 



104 



XLIIL— BREATHING. 



A LESSON FOE STUDY. 



Without food men have lived more than a month. 
Without water one can live two or three days. With- 
out air one can live only a very few minutes. Air 
is necessary to the body. 

All living things breathe. The plant breathes 
through its leaves. The angleworm breathes through 
its skin. We breathe by 
means of our lungs. 

Why We Breathe.— The 
heart dare not send the 
worn-out, impure, and poi- 
sonous blood that it receives 
from the veins back to the 
different parts of the body. 
The blood must first be pu- 
rified, so it is sent to the 
lungs. In the lungs the 
fresh air we breathe gets 
very near the dark, impure blood brought to the 
heart through the veins. Thus the blood gets fresh 

105 




The Lungs and Heart, front new. 



air from the lungs. It also gives up to the lungs its 
load of impure waste material that has been gathered 
in passing through the body. This we breathe out, 
or exhale, immediately. 

The air of the lungs makes the dark, veinous 
blood bright red. The red blood takes the fresh air 
to the cells of the body. We breathe that the cells 
of the body may have the air they so much need. 

Foul Air. — We should never breathe bad air. 
The air in cellars is often very harmful. Cellars 
are kept closed; thus no sunlight, and very little 
fresh air can enter. Diphtheria is often caused by 
the foul air arising from the cellar under the house. 

Malaria. — A house or school building should 
never be located on low, flat ground, or near a 
marsh or swamp. Air from wet earth may be full 
of disease germs. Malaria (chills and fever, ague) 
is always caused by these little germs. 

Dust. — All dust entering the lungs is harmful. 
Where there is the least dust, there is the least dis- 
ease. Coal miners, pottery workers, pearl button 
makers are subject to diseases of the lungs because 
of the dust in the air they breathe while at work. 

Clean School Rooms. — To avoid dust and dirt in 
the air, the school room should be kept clean for the 
sake of health. Children can and should help keep 

106 



MM^ 



the school room clean, and thus prevent disease. 
The dust trough at the base of the blackboard should 
be cleaned every day after school. Only good, soft 
erasers should be used, and they should be cleaned 
daily. 

Before sweeping, the floor should be sprinkled 
with wet sawdust. Dry sweeping does not remove 
the dust but simply drives it from one place to 
another. 

Let us help the teacher keep the school room as 
clean as possible. 

Ventilation. — After air has been once breathed, 
it is no longer fit to breathe again. If the air in the 
room has been partly used, you begin to feel dull 
and drowsy, and you soon begin to have a head- 
ache. 

The air of all the rooms in which we live and 
work must often be changed. Children cannot do 
good school work without fresh air. A room with 
bad air makes us stupid, but we feel better as soon 
as we get out of doors. 

We must ventilate so that fresh air may enter 
in, and the foul air pass out. For the sake of per- 
fect health, each person should have a cubic foot of 
fresh air every minute. If there are forty pupils in 
your room, forty bushels of fresh air, or a big wagon 

107 



load, should get into it every minute, and the same 
amount of used air should be driven out. 

During recess all the pupils should go out of 
doors to fill their lungs full of fresh air, and also te 
give the teacher a chance to air the school room. 

Fresh air should by all means get into your bed- 
rooms. If the window is open just a little, you will 
get good air all night. If you get up in the morning 
with a headache, it is probably because your bed- 
room was not well ventilated. 

How to Breathe. — 1. Always breathe through the 
nose and not through the mouth. 2. Take deep, 
full breaths. 3. Take breathing exercises in the 
fresh air every day. Stand up straight with shoul- 
ders back, and breathe deeply. If you become stoop- 
shouldered, you cannot have large, full-grown lungs. 
Proper breathing will make your lungs stronger. 

Alcohol and the Lungs. — One cannot use alcoholic 
drinks and be long-winded. Alcohol would use up 
much of the air we breathe. A small drink of 
whisky will use up as much air as the entire body 
requires for a quarter of an hour. Alcohol tends to 
thicken the walls of the lungs so they will not stretch 
so easily. When this occurs, full deep breaths can- 
not be taken. This is why the use of alcohol makes 
shortness of breath. 

108 



XLIV. A PICTURE LESSON. 

"Write a story about the child in this picture, showing the benefit 
of fresh air and sunshine to health. 




OUTDOOR LIFE. 
109 



GUSTAV BICHTER. 



XL V. — THE FKAMEWOKK OF THE BODY. 

A LESSON FOE STUDY. 

A house built without a good, strong framework 
of sills, studding, and rafters, would soon fall. The 
bones are the framework of the body, just as the 
timbers that are put up in building a house are its 
frame. If the body had no bony framework, it 
would be soft and pulpy like that of an oyster. 
We would then have to live in a shell to keep from 
being crushed. We would be unable to run about 
or do any work. 

Inside the body, under the flesh, is a stiff, strong 
framework, made of many bones closely joined and 
fitted together. These bones make the body firm 
and strong, and give it its shape. 

The Skeleton. — All of the bones of the body 
fitted together, with each bone in its proper place, 
make up the skeleton. The smallest of them are 
the three little bones within the ear — the hammer, 
anvil, and stirrup. The largest bone is the upper 
bone of the leg — the thigh bone, between the hip 
and the knee. There are over two hundred bones 

no 



in the body. Each bone is built 
to lit exactly in its proper place, 
and to do its own work. 

Strength of the Bones. — 
Each bone is hard and very 
strong. The bones are so made 
as to bend before breaking, as 
would a tough stick of wood of 
the same size. A bone is hol- 
low, like the frame of a bicycle. 
This makes it strong and light. 
A healthy bone is twice as 
strong as an oak stick of the 
same size. 

The Joints. — The places at 
which two or more bones are 
fastened together are called the 
joints. Some joints move quite 
freely, as the ball-and-socket 
joints of the shoulder and hip, 
or the hinge-joints of the elbow, 
knee, and fingers. Others have 
no motion, as the bones of the 
skull. Hinge-joints can open 
and shut in one direction only, like the blade of a 
penknife. 

111 



Lower Arm 




Skeleton of a Man. 



When bones get out of joint, they cannot be 
moved without great pain. They must be put back 
in place at once, and kept there by means of splints 
or firm bandages. 

Sprains. — Sometimes the muscle bands that hold 
the bones together at a joint are stretched too far, 
or even torn, by sudden twisting or turning of the 
joint. This is a sprain, and the flesh about the joint 
is very tender and painful. When a joint is sprained, 
it should be put in hot water for an hour, and should 
not be used until the pain is gone. 

Broken Bones. — While the bones are very strong, 
and bend a little before they break, they do some- 
times break. At the broken place the ends are 
splintered, much the same as a broken stick. The 
bone must be "set" as soon as possible, and held 
firmly together in the same position by means of a 
bandage and splint. 

The bones of an old person break easier than the 
bones of children. The bones of some children bend 
too easily. You may have noticed this in the case 
of bow-legged children. 

Growing Out of Shape. — While you are young, 
your bones very easily take the shape you give 
them. To give them the right form, you must fix 
firmly the habit of holding the body erect. In hold- 

112 



wtmam 



ing the shoulders back, you make the chest stand out 
full, giving more room for the heart and lungs. In 
this way you can breathe more air and have better 
blood, and at the same time make the shape of the 
body more and more perfect. 

By standing habitually on 
one foot, sitting bent forward 
for any great length of time 
while you are reading or study- 
ing, sleeping with head raised 
too high on a very thick pillow, 
walking in a slipshod, careless 
manner, you are placing your- 
selves in great danger of having 
your bodies grow out of shape. 

Sit and stand straight ; then you will grow tall, 
straight, and strong. Do not permit yourselves to 
grow bent or round-shouldered. Many boys and 
girls have misshapen and deformed bodies, because 
they have not had school seats and desks to fit 
them. A school seat or desk, too high or too low, 
will cause ugly curves in the backbone, and thus 
deform the body. 




Improper position, because of 
too high a desk. 



113 



XLVL— THE MUSCLES. 

A LESSON FOR OBSERVATION AND STUDY. 

Notice the clouds as they drift in the sky. What 
moves them ? 

What moves the boat on the river? What moves 
the mowing-machine in the hay-field? 

What moves the trolley car? 

What moves the engine ? 

None of these objects are alive. None of them 
can move themselves. The tiniest insect is much 
greater than the giant railroad engine, for the insect 
can move itself. 

The bony framework of our body is covered with 
muscles that move it about. The weight of the 
body is one-half muscle. A muscle is made of little 
tough strings, grouped into bundles. There are over 
400 of these bundles in the human body. Each 
bundle of muscle causes a bone to make one kind 
of motion. The lean part of the beef you eat is the 
animal's muscle. 

All animals move by means of muscles. 



114 



MB 



Give the 
sketch of an 
by means of 

Give the 
sketch of an 
by means of 

Give the 
sketch of an 
by means of 



name and draw a 
animal that moves 
four legs. 

name and draw a 
animal that moves 
six legs. 

name and draw a 
animal that moves 
eight legs. 



Give the name and draw a 
sketch of an animal that moves 
by means of ten legs. 

Give the name and draw a 
sketch of an animal that moves 
by means of one foot. 

Give the name and draw a 
sketch of an animal that moves 
by means of thirty or more legs. 

Give the name and draw a 
sketch of an animal that moves 
by other means than legs or 
wings. 

Roll up your sleeve so as 
muscles. Bend the arm at the elbow so as to bring 

115 




see your own 



the hand to the shoulder as strongly and as far as 
possible, and you will notice the muscles of the 
upper arm bunch up under the skin. You will 
both see and feel it. If you are right-handed, and 
therefore use the muscle of the right arm more than 
you do that of the left, the muscle of the right arm 
is larger. Look at the back of the hand as you 
move your fingers, and you can see the action of 
the muscles that run from your arm to the finger 
ends. Clasp the left hand tightly round the right 
arm just below the elbow, and you will notice the 
action of the muscles of the arm that have so much 
to do with the movements of the fingers. 

How the Muscles Act. — When we make a muscle 
act, each of its little tiny threads makes itself shorter 
and thicker, just as a stretched rubber thread 
becomes thicker, if we let go of one end and permit 
it to go back to its original size and shape. 

Muscle does its work by shortening. In shorten- 
ing, it pulls on the bones and produces motion. 
When a muscle shortens, it is said to "contract. 77 

A muscle cannot be kept shortened any great 
length of time. If you hold your arm out straight 
as long as you can possibly do so, at first it feels 
tired, then finally it pains. In many of the move- 
ments of the body, such as walking, one set of 

116 



muscles acts while the other set rests, or gets ready 
to act again. This is the reason that it is not so 
tiresome to walk one hour, as it is to stand perfectly 
still for a much shorter time. 

You ought to have healthy muscles. When the 
muscles are healthy, the whole body is healthy. 
Tou can then do a great deal of work. You should 
not only have strong muscles, but you should know 
how to use them. 

Tobacco poisons the muscles and weakens them. 

Alcohol keeps food from getting to the muscles, 
and thus weakens them. It changes some of the 
muscle tissue to fat. There is neither strength 
nor health in fat. The drinking man cannot di- 
rect his muscles. His hand trembles, his step is 
not steady. This is because the poison of the alco- 
hol has found its way into the blood, and is destroy- 
ing the strength and control of his muscles. 



117 



XLVIL A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story about these children at play and the healthfulness of such exercise. 




118 



XLVIIL— EXERCISE. 

A LESSON FOR STUDY. 

The weakest person can do something to make 
himself stronger. Some of the strongest men were 
feeble when boys. 

How to Make the Muscles Strong. — By using a 
muscle you can make it grow stronger. The arm 
we use the more is stronger than the other arm. 
The arms of the blacksmith, boilermaker, and car- 
penter are much stronger than the arms of persons 
who do not exercise. Boys and girls who live 
where they can play and work out of doors are very 
fortunate. They will become much stronger and be 
more healthy than the boy or girl shut up in the 
dingy rooms of a tenement house in one of our 
crowded cities. 

Children of the rich, who have no regular work 
to do, are to be greatly pitied. They are often kept 
from the work that would develop their growing 
muscles by servants and others who do their work 
for them. It may be very nice to have fine clothes 
of delicate colors, but I am sure every boy and girl 

119 



will agree with me, that it is a great deal better to 
have clothes that permit us to exercise all we wish, 
without soiling or tearing them. The boy who is 
healthy and happy, is the one with strong, loose 
clothing, who can use his muscles freely as he 
works or plays. 

Necessity for Exercise. — The muscles get food and 
strength from the blood. Exercise causes more 
blood to flow to the muscles, and in this way brings 
them more food, so that they develop in size and 
strength. 

Exercise while you are young does much more 
good than it will when you are older. 

Exercise not only helps the muscles, but out-of- 
door games and plays also help you learn your les- 
sons more easily. 

To be healthy you must exercise regularly. The 
right amount of suitable exercise should be taken. 
You should not exercise so as to overtax your 
strength. The five-year-old child should not attempt 
the same forms of exercise as the boy or girl of 
fifteen, any more than he would try to wear the 
same clothes. Such forms of exercise are not suited 
to his growth. The best exercises for children 
between six and nine years are the easy games of 
motion, such as "Ring Around a Rosy," "London 

120 



Bridge is Falling Down," " Klondike," "Black Man," 
and some of the simpler games of tag. 

The exercise which you most enjoy will, as a rule, 
do most good. Happiness helps growth just as 
health causes happiness. 

Such games as "Race-Tag" and "Prisoner's 
Base" are good for children between nine and four- 
teen years of age. Simple ball games, such as 
"One Old Cat," should be played when the boy is 
from nine to eleven years old; but when he becomes 
twelve, he should begin to play such games as 
shinny, polo, hockey, and base-ball. 

The boy on the farm gets plenty of exercise out 
of doors. He gets up early, does the chores, and 
walks a long way to school. He is laying the foun- 
dations of a healthy body in after life. But his 
exercise comes in the form of work, and "all work 
and no play makes Jack a dull boy." Games do 
something for the growing boy and girl that work 
alone cannot supply. Games train the mind as well 
as the body. 

In base-ball a boy develops judgment, skill, dar- 
ing, and courage. One cannot learn to tell balls and 
strikes without using judgment. He must use skill 
in batting. It takes daring to try to steal a base, 
when pitcher and catcher are wide awake, and cour- 

121 



age is certainly needed when one is called upon to 
" slide to the home plate." Learning to swim or 
skate requires grit and determination. 

Girls should play and romp with the same free- 
dom that boys do. Health is as necessary to a girl 
as it is to a boy. But perfect health is impossible 
without good exercise. 

Walking is one of the best and most natural forms 
of exercise. Walk erect, knees straight, head well 
up, chin in, eyes to the front, looking the world in 
the face. 

Running and jumping are also helpful to those 
for whom they are not too violent. If a man could 
move his legs as fast as an ant does, he would travel 
at the rate of about 800 miles an hour. Bicycling is 
good exercise chiefly because it has to be taken out of 
doors. There is danger of overtaxing the heart if one 
rides too far or too fast. Tennis is a fine game, suit- 
able for girls as well as boys. It will develop every 
muscle of the body. Foot-ball is a game of brains as 
well as muscle. But Foot-ball should not be played 
by young, undeveloped, untrained, boys, for the 
same reason that very little children should not climb 
trees. There is great risk of being crippled for life 
in either case. 

By all means learn to use tools. You will be 
getting exercise and knowledge at the same time. 

122 



XLIX. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a description of a foot-ball game that you may have seen. 




123 



L.— REST. 

A LESSON FOE STUDY. 

To use the same set of muscles very long, not 
only makes them very tired, but very weak. After 
our muscles have been properly exercised they should 
be rested. To become too tired is not only painful, 
but also injurious. Fatigue actually poisons the 
blood. If we inject some of the blood of a very tired 
animal into a healthy rabbit, it will die, because of 
the poison of fatigue in the blood of the tired animal. 

Exercise is good, if it be of the right kind and 
amount, but overwork and overstrain of the mus- 
cles are always harmful. Some children do not 
grow to their full size or strength, because, while 
yet young and growing fast, at the age of from ten 
to fourteen, they quit school and go to work at some 
heavy employment, either in store, factory, mill, or 
mine. By overworking, their muscles become very 
tired, thus stunting their growth. 

Muscles used until they are strained, become 
weaker instead of stronger, for they will wear out 
faster than they can be fed by the blood. 

124 



Kest is necessary for all parts of the body. The 
best form of rest is change of the kind of work, 
rather than absolute idleness. Idleness is not rest. 
The hardest kind of work is to sit or stand perfectly 
still. If the mind is tired, the best kind of rest is 
some brisk exercise of the body. This is the reason 
recesses are given in school. Recesses should not 
be spent in the school room, but should be used, by 
both boys and girls, in free play out of doors. 

Sleep. — Sleep is the only form of complete and 
perfect rest. 

The average amount of sleep required at 

4 years of age is 12 hours; 
7 years of age is 11 hours; 
9 years of age is 101 hours; 
10-12 years of age is 10 hours; 
12-14 years of age is 9 hours. 

A child that does not sleep soundly the proper 
number of hours is not well. Poor digestion often 
disturbs sleep. Poorly ventilated and overheated 
bedrooms are other causes for disturbed sleep. 

Young boys and girls should not be taken to 
night entertainments, if they are to remain healthy 
and do the best school work. If they are up late 
nights, they come to school the next day tired, 
when they should be rested. 

125 



Children should never go to bed hungry. When 
hungry, one cannot go to sleep easily, or sleep so 
soundly. Instead of going to bed hungry, one 
should take some easily digested food, such as bread 
and milk, crackers, or even a glass of milk without 
anything else. Good milk, you remember, is a per- 
fect food, and besides, it helps one go to sleep. 
Overwork, excitement, or the reading of horrible or 
exciting tales just before bedtime, causes poor sleep. 

During sleep the body gets back its strength. 
A person gets the most benefit from sleep if he goes 
to bed at about the same hour every evening. The 
rest of mind and body that comes with sleep cannot 
be secured in any other way. 

When he is a little chap, 

We call him Nap. 

When he somewhat older grows, 

We call him Doze. 

When his age by hours we number, 

We call him Slumber. 

— John B. Tabh. 



Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies 
together. 

— Dekker. 



126 



LL— WYNKEN, BLYNKEN, AND NOD.* 

A MEMOEY LESSON. 

Wynken, Blynken, and Nod one night 

Sailed off in a wooden shoe — 
Sailed on a river of crystal light, 

Into a sea of dew. 
"Where are yon going, and what do yon wish?" 

The old moon asked the three. 
"We have come to fish for the herring-fish 
That live in this beautiful sea ; 
Nets of silver and gold have we ! " 
Said Wynken, 
Blynken, 
And Nod. 

The old moon laughed and sang a song, 

As they rocked in the wooden shoe, 
And the wind that sped them all night long 

Ruffled the waves of dew. 
The little stars were the herring-fish 

That lived in that beautiful sea — 
"Now cast your nets wherever you wish — 

Never af eared are we;' 1 

*By permission, from "With Trumpet and Drum." Copyright, 1892. 
Published by Charles Scribner's Sons. 

127 



So cried the stars to the fishermen three : 
Wynken, 
Blynken, 
And Nod. 

All night long their nets they threw 

To the stars in the twinkling foam ; 
Then down from the skies came the wooden shoe, 

Bringing the fishermen home. 
T was all so pretty a sail it seemed 

As if it could not be, 
And some folkg thought 't was a dream they'd dreamed, 
Of sailing that beautiful sea — 
But I shall name you the fishermen three : 
Wynken, 
Blynken, 
And Nod. 

Wynken and Blynken are two little eyes, 

And Nod is a little head ; 
And the wooden shoe that sailed the skies 

Is a wee one's trundle-bed. 
So shut your eyes while mother sings 

Of wonderful sights that be, 
And you shall see the beautiful things 

As you rock in the misty sea, 

Where the old shoe rocked the fishermen three : 
Wynken, 



Blynken, 
And Nod. 



— Eugene Field. 

128 



LIL— THE NERVES AND BRAIN. 

You have learned that the body is made up of 
many parts, each of which has its own work. The 
stomach, skin, liver, bones, muscles, heart, and 
lungs, each has special work to do, but all must act 
in relation to each other. There must be something 
that makes all the organs and parts of the body 
work at the proper time, and in reference to each 
other. 

The Nervous System. — When you run, your heart 
beats more rapidly, and you breathe faster. You 
take food, the saliva flows, and a little later the 
gastric juice. If a grain of dust gets into your eye, 
a tear comes to wash it away. If a hot iron touches 
your finger tip, you quickly jerk your hand away. 
A snake crosses your path, and before you know it, 
you stop still. There is something that makes all 
these parts of the body act at the proper time. This 
something is the nervous system. 

Nerves and Brain. — The nerves are very much 
like telegraph wires. The brain is the central office 
that sends out and receives messages along the 

129 



thread-like nerves that connect every part of the 
body with the brain. 

Motor Messages. — You wish to write your name. 
Your brain sends a message to your fingers, and 
they begin to move in the way they should to make 
the letters of your name. The message is taken 
from the central office, or brain, to the muscles of 
your hand by means of your nerves. This is a 
motor message, being an order to move. 

Sensory Messages. — A bee stings you on the 
hand; at once a message is sent along the little 
nerve wires to your brain, and you have a sensa- 
tion of pain. This is a sensory message, because 
it takes a sensation to the brain. 

The Brain's Work. — The brain is the central 
station to which all the messages about things out- 
side of the body are telegraphed. Without the brain 
you could not see, hear, feel, taste, or smell. Neither 
could you direct, control, or exercise your muscles. 
Without the brain you could not learn or remember. 
You could never feel pleasure, never talk to your 
friends, you could not even love your parents, were 
it not for your brain. 

Headaches. — The brain sympathizes with all the 
other parts of the body. If the stomach and liver 
do not work properly, the brain sympathizes with 

130 . 



them, and you have a sick headache. If you are 
not breathing pure air, or if the school room is too 
warm and close, so that you have to breathe the 
same air over and over again, you first become dull 
and sleepy and unable to study, then you have a 
headache. If you fail to take exercise, you will also 
suffer from headache. 

Children should never have headaches. A head- 
ache is a warning that something is wrong, and 
must be changed to prevent a long spell of sickness. 

Healthy Brain Requires a Healthy Body. — The 
brain is the first part of our body to suffer if the 
blood is not pure, if the air is bad, if the food does 
not digest, or if anything is wrong with our health. 
Because it makes the body healthy, proper physical- 
exercise is of great value to the brain. 

Tobacco and the Brands Health. — Some men say 
they smoke to make them think, while others 
smoke to make them stop thinking and rest the 
brain. Now tobacco cannot do both of these things ; 
in fact, it does neither. Tobacco harms the body. 
Since a healthy brain requires a healthy body, 
tobacco also injures the brain's health. 

No school boy can use tobacco without injury to 
his mind, brain, and body. Recent study of this 
subject shows that the school boy who smokes cigar- 

131 



ettes, even occasionally, lags behind in his studies, 
while the boy who smokes them every day averages 
two years below other boys in school work.* 

All cigarettes are drugged. Most of them con- 
tain opium. Opium is a drug made from the white 
poppy. It is given by physicians to quiet the nerves. 
It stupefies the brain. It quiets the raving maniac 
in the insane asylum. It deadens the nerves to pain 
— and to every other sensation. Because opium is 
put in cigarettes, the effect of the cigarette is stupe- 
fying to mind and brain. 

Insanity. — Insanity is a disease of the mind and 
brain. It results from various causes, but more than 
half of all the cases of insanity result from the use 
of alcoholic drinks and such drugs as opium and 
morphine. 

* See report of Superintendent Ogg, Kokomo, Indiana, schools. 



Write this quotation: 

Haply from them the toiler, bent 

Above his forge or plough, may gain 
A manlier spirit of content, 
And feel that life is wisest spent 

Where the strong working hand makes strong the 
working brain. 

— Whittier. 

132 



LIIL— THE SENSES. 

By means of the senses we get our knowledge of 
outside objects, and our knowledge of what is going 
on in our own bodies. All knowledge comes by 
means of the senses. The loss of any one of the 
senses cripples us just that much, and limits our 
knowledge. 

Sight. — We see with our eyes. The eye is per- 
haps the most delicate and most wonderful organ of 
the human body. The eye is a hollow ball filled 
with clear fluid, and is set upon a soft cushion of 
fat in a bony socket that protects it. The eyebrow 
above keeps water or perspiration on the forehead 
from running into the eye. The eyelid protects the 
eye from dust and too strong light. The nose helps 
to protect the eye from blows or jars from the front 
or side. Tears keep the eyeballs clean. Mother 
Nature protects this wonderful organ in many 
ways. 

Are the eyes in all persons of the same color? 
What part of the eye is colored? The dark spot in 
the center is the pupil of the eye. It is simply a 

133 



hole for the light to pass through. When the light 
passes through the pupil it falls upon little nerve 
endings in the back of the eyeball. There it makes 
a photograph of the outside object. Nerves carry 
this picture from the eye to the back part of the 
brain, and we see it. 

Care of the Eyes. — The health and care of your 
eyes depend chiefly upon yourselves. Trouble with 
the eyes may arise from many causes. If the whole 
body is weak and health poor, the eyes are also apt 
to be weak. Stomach trouble causes eye trouble. 
Poor circulation of the blood causes poor vision. 
Reading or studying before breakfast, when the 
stomach is empty, inflames the eyes. Pale ink, 
greasy slates, dirty blackboards, and hard lead pen- 
cils that make only a dim mark hurt the eyes. 
School headaches are usually due to eye-strain. 

Eyesight and School Work. Directions to Pupils. 

1. Sit upright; sit square. 

2. Keep your eyes at least twelve inches from your work. 

3. Write on a sloping, not on a flat desk. 

4. Eead with your book well up ; do not lay it down flat. 

5. Do not read very small print. 

6. Do not work in a bad light. 

7. If you cannot properly see your work, tell your teacher. 



134 



Out of School. 

1. Do not read lying down. 

2. Do not read by twilight, or by a poor light, or when the eyes 
are tired. 

3. Do not face the light in reading. 

4. Do not look steadily at the sun or any very bright light. 

5. When your eyes feel tired after reading for a time, rest them 
by looking at objects at a distance. 

Alcoholic drinks always make the eyes reel and 
weak, showing that they are inflamed. Any inflamma- 
tion of the eyeball or socket is injurious to the eye 
itself. Tobacco frequently causes dimness of sight. 

Hearing. — We hear with our ears. The sound 
waves in the air strike against the outside of the 
ear. They are then driven against a little drum 
within the ear. The ears are so deeply seated in 
the bones of the skull that they are in less danger 
of injury than the eyes. Careless children some- 
times put the end of a pencil or penholder into the 
ear. There is thus danger of hurting the eardrum. 
If the eardrum be injured, deafness results. Cold 
water in the ear may cause earache. The eardrum 
may then become inflamed and deafness follow. 

Ear Wax. — A fluid forms in the ear to moisten 
and protect the drum. This fluid is bitter and keeps 
insects from crawling very far into the ear. This 
fluid ear wax also catches dirt and dust and keeps 

135 



them from getting too far into the ear. Cleanse 
your ears by washing them with a soft cloth, good 
soap, and warm water. Never use any sharp or 
hard instrument to clean your ears. 

Dullness in school work is generally the result 
of defective hearing. Such diseases as scarlet fever 
often leave a child with poor hearing. 

Taste. — We taste with the tongue and the lining 
of the mouth. Taste tells us whether food is too 
highly spiced or seasoned, whether the food is fresh 
or spoiled. Taste tells the brain whether the food 
is good or bad. It is a very useful sense. But like 
any of the other senses, taste may be blunted by 
the use of alcohol and tobacco. When this occurs, 
much of the usefulness of the sense of taste is gone 
forever. 

Smell. — We smell with the linings in the upper 
part of the nose. Things like the rose, banana, 
onion, or apple, give out an odor to the air. We 
sniff the air into the nostrils and smell the odor. 
The nerves carry the sensation to the brain. 

Smell helps taste. The flavor of the apple, 
orange, banana, or muskmelon, is really taste plus 
smell. When you have a cold so bad that the nos- 
trils are stopped up, your food does not taste as it 
should. Animals depend more upon smell than we 

136 



do. The starfish can smell the oyster, its chosen 
article of food, at a distance of more than a mile in 
the water. A shark that has lost the sense of smell 
will not eat. How does the dog track game, or its 
master? 

Smell also tells us when the air is unfit for 
breathing. 

Touch. — The sense of touch is located in the ends 
of the little nerves in the skin. We can feel touch 
the best with the tips of the fingers, or the tip of 
the tongue. The sense of touch can be educated. 
The blind person reads with the tips of his fingers. 

Heat and Cold. — Nerve ends that tell heat from 
cold are also located in the skin. They are differ- 
ent from the ones that feel touch. They tell us 
when we are too near a hot object that might burn 
and injure the skin. They also inform us when our 
ears, nose, fingers, and toes are so cold as to be in 
danger of injury from freezing. 

Pain. — Everywhere in the skin and all through 
the body are little nerves that feel pain and hurry 
their messages to the brain. Each pain is a signal 
to the brain that something is harming us. Pain is 
good old Mother Nature's way of keeping us from 
danger and injury. The tickle sense is also located 
in little nerve endings in certain portions of the 

137 



skin ; as along the side of the nose, under the arms, 
and the soles of the feet. 

Hunger and Thirst. — These are two very good 
friends of ours. They tell us when the body needs 
food to eat and water to drink. They always remind 
us of our duties to our bodies. Hunger tells us to 
take food to repair the parts of the body that are 
wearing out. Thirst tells us to drink the refreshing 
water to keep our blood from getting too hot and 
too thick, and from drying up. 

How wrong it would be for us to cultivate false 
appetites — a hunger for things that can only hurt 
these wonderful bodies of ours! How wrong for 
men to so abuse themselves as to cultivate a thirst 
for alcoholic drink that makes the blood poor, and 
thus injures every part of the body that depends 
on the blood for its food. If the blood is not pure, 
it is not food but poison to the cells of the body. 

Think of the joy of having bodies healthy and 
strong in every part, rich in clean, pure blood, with 
steady nerves and clear brains ! Remember as long 
as you live, that your bodies need no stimulant 
other than good food, pure water, fresh air, bright 
sunshine, and regular exercise. 



138 



LIV.— THE BODY. 

A MEMOEY LESSON. 

From the top of my head to my tiny toes, 
I am built of bones, as every one knows. 

These are the framework so strong within ; 
Outside they are covered with flesh and skin. 

The parts of my body are only three, 

My head, my trunk, and my limbs as you see. 

My head has a back, two sides, and a crown, 

All covered with hair, yellow, black, red, or brown. 

And just in front, in the foremost place, 
You plainly can see my neat little face. 

My face has a forehead, nose, mouth, and chin, 
Two cheeks where the dimples slip out and in. 

Two eyes to see you when you are near, 
Two ears like seashells, to help me to hear. 

My neck and shoulders so broad and strong, 
Arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers so long'. 

My trunk, and my thighs, legs, ankles, and knees, 
On two feet I stand, or run, if you please. 

139 



My joints are to bend, when I run, jump, or walk; 
IVe a little red tongue to help me to talk. 

These make up my body, and now I will tell 
What we all must do to keep strong and well. 

To be neat and clean we must take great care, 
Have plenty of sunshine, and breathe the fresh air. 

Eat nourishing food to make good blood, and then 
We shall all become strong women and men. 

— Selected. 



Learn this quotation: 

Life being very short, and the quiet hours of it few, we 
ought to waste none of them in reading valueless books. . . . 
Bread of flour is good ; but there is bread, sweet as honey, 
if we would eat it, in a good book. 

— Buskin. 



" His strength is as the strength of ten, 
Because his heart is pure." 

— Tennyson. 

Sceptre and crown 

Must tumble down, 
And in the dust be equal made 
With the poor crooked scythe and spade. 
Only the actions of the just 
Smell sweet, and blossom in their dust. 

— Shirley 

140 



LV. A PICTURE LESSON. 

Write a story about the children in this picture. Tell how a cut should be 

bandaged. 




141 



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LVL— FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. 



A little knowledge of what is best to be done in case of accident 
may save life. Accidents will happen, and it is well to know what 
to do until the doctor comes. The following accidents are most 
common : 

Fainting — This usually occurs because the room is overheated 
or poorly ventilated. Place the patient where he can get plenty of 
air, on his back, with his head low, no pillows of any kind being 
used. Loosen all the clothing about the neck. Keep the crowd back. 
Sprinkle a little cold water on the face. Never pour anything down 
the throat of an unconscious patient, for it may cause him to choke 
to death. 

Bleeding from the Nose — This is quite 
a common occurrence among children, and 
as a rule, is not alarming. Place the patient 
erect in a chair, or have him stand, stretch- 
ing both hands high above the head. Press 
the tip of the nose between the finger and 
thumb, or press the upper lip. Put a piece 
of ice or a cold cloth at the back of the neck. 
Loosen the collar. Also apply cold water to 
the nose and forehead. If the bleeding con- 
tinues, snuff cold water containing a little 
salt or soda into the nose. 

Bleeding from an Artery — If the blood 
comes in jets or spurts it is an artery that is 




Bandage in Arterial Bleeding. 
Dotted lines show course of the 
arteries. 



bleeding. 



This may prove serious. Fortu- 



142 



irately, at most parts of the body the arteries are deeply buried in 
the flesh. A severed artery calls for prompt action. Put firm pres- 
sure upon the bleeding part behveen the wound and the heart. The 
pressure is best applied, in case the wound is in the arm or leg, by 
taking a folded handkerchief, tying a knot in its center, and placing 
this knot over the artery. Tie it loosely round the limb, but with a 
good knot. Place a stick under the bandage and twist it round and 
round until tight enough to stop the bleeding. 

Bleeding from the Veins. — The patient should lie quietly. Eaise 
the bleeding member, and wash the wound with cold or hot, but 
clean, water. Then tie a pad of soft clean linen so as to press firmly 
upon the injury. 

Foreign Bodies in the Eye. — Cinders and dust get into the eye. 
This causes severe pain. Kubbing the eye will make matters worse. 
Open the eye, and perhaps tears will wash out the offending particle. 
A drop of sweet oil or a grain of flaxseed put into the eye will afford 
relief. Or draw the upper lid down over the under one ; the lashes 
of the under lid may remove the cause of irritation. A still better 
method is to place a match or wooden toothpick on top of the eyelid, 
then catch hold of the lashes and turn the lid back. The dirt or 
cinder will, in all probability, be seen clinging to the under surface of 
the lid, and can be easily removed with the corner of a handkerchief. 

Burns. — The best application for a burn is a tablespoonful of 
common cooking soda to a glass of water. Afterwards apply vase- 
line. A mixture of equal parts of linseed oil and lime water is 
excellent for dressing burns. Apply loosely with cotton. 

Bee Stings. — The stings of bees, wasps, hornets, and yellow- 
jackets are relieved by first bathing in hot water and squeezing out 
the poison. Tfen use the solution of soda mentioned in the preced- 
ing paragraph. This same treatment will also relieve in the case of 
nettle stings. Ammonia is also excellent in these injuries, and in 
mosquito bites. All boys know that binding mud over a sting gives 

U3 



relief. Be careful to always extract the "stinger" before treatment 
is applied. 

Burning Clothing. — Quick work is necessary when a person's 
clothes catch fire, for in a very few minutes he will be so severely 
burned that he will die. Place such a person flat on the ground 
immediately; smother the flames with a coat, shawl, blanket, piece of 
carpet, or anything at hand. If on fire yourself, do not run for help, 
but lie down flat, and roll over and over on the ground or floor to 
smother out the flames. 

Sunstroke.— When overcome by the heat, or suffering from a 
sunstroke, lie down in a cool, shady place. The face and hands 
should be sponged with cold water. As soon as possible the patient 
should be taken to a cool room, and placed on a bed, with his head 
high. Apply cold cloths, or better still, the ice-bag, to the head, back 
of the neck, and spine, and warmth to the legs and feet. A drink of 
hot coffee or tea, or beef extract, will stimulate the weakened heart. 

Broken Bones. — There is no urgent need of treating a broken 
limb before the surgeon arrives. If it is necessary to move the pa- 
tient, he should be carried on a board or door, rather than loosely in 
the arms, so as to prevent the broken limb from being moved before 
the doctor comes. 

Frost Bite — Bub the frozen parts with snow immediately or 
apply very cold water. When they begin to sting and burn, cease 
the rubbing. Ordinary coal oil is also an excellent application for 
frost bite. Treatment should always take place in a cold room 
before the frozen parts have become warm. The person should then 
become warm gradually. 

Learn to Swim — Every child should be taught to swim and to 
float. Besides being an excellent exercise in and of itself, swimming 
may be of service in saving the lives of others. A cool-headed, 
expert swimmer may save a boat-load of people. 

144 



JUL 18 1903 






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